On the outbreak of the 2026 Iran War, American and Israeli airstrikes struck several pro Iranian militias under the Islamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI) and Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) umbrellas in Iraq. At least several dozen Iraqi militiamen have been reported dead so far from attacks on militia headquarters, checkpoints, ammunition dumps, and private residences of senior commanders. PMF and IRI militias retaliated by lobbying rockets and drones at American and Kurdish bases.
The US called for the disarmament of Iran-backed militias and designated some of them to be terrorist organisations.[8] Iraqi foreign minister Fuad Hussein claimed that the US put six Iran-backed militias on a "prohibited" list and to be excluded from the next government.[9] Iran accused the US of interfering in the 2025 Iraqi parliamentary election.[10] The Shiite-dominated Coordination Framework won the most seats and thus gained the right to nominate the Prime Minister.
Plains clothed PMF militiamen and their civilian supporters gathered on March 1st near American Embassies in Baghdad to protest the assassination of Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Clashes were reported between pro PMF protesters and Iraqi security forces.[11]
On March 3rd, an unidentified airstrike striking a PMF base in Kirkuk killed 6 fighters.[12] Rumors of an American fighter plane shot down by anti aircraft fire over Basra also emerged on Iraqi social media through PMF channels, which reportedly led to Iraqi Police searching for the allegedly downed pilot.[13] However, such claims were denied by United States Central Command through their official Twitter account,[14] and any evidence for the purported incident has yet to surface.
A senior Kata'ib Hezbollah commander identified as Abu Hassan Al-Fariji was among the fatalities killed by air strikes conducted on March 4th.[15] On March 11th, an airstrike targeting a PMF building killed 20 militiamen and civilians in Akashat.[16]
The United States responded to the attacks by targeting Iran-aligned groups, including several factions part of the PMF.[17][18] Sites targeted included PMF positions in Mosul,[19] the Nineveh Plains,[19]Kirkuk,[17] and Al Anbar Governorate.[17] Some of the strikes were described as "intense" and resulted in the deaths of at least 30 PMF fighters, while several others were wounded.[17] Some of those killed in Kirkuk were reportedly members of the Turkmen Brigades within the PMF.[19]
On March 14th, an unidentified drone struck a helipad in the Embassy of the United States, Baghdad.[21] In return, American airstrikes targeted several Kata'ib Hezbollah linked sites and killed an unnamed senior leader described by PMF sources as a "key figure" and at least another fighter.[22]
Other airstrikes killed Rahif Ali Qasim, a Badr Organization commander from Lebanon and overseer of PMF missile systems, in his residence. Unofficial sources reportedly close to the PMF also allegedly announced the slaying of Kata'ib Hezbollah secretary general Abu Hussein al-Muhammadawi.[23]
An airstrike on March 16 killed four PMF fighters manning a checkpoint near Al-Qa'im, Al Anbar Governorate. PMF officials attributed the attack to the United States Air Forces.[24] Kata'ib Hezbollah also reported the killing of its spokesperson and security officer, Abu Ali al-Askari, from airstrikes targeting PMF headquarters.[25][26] An unidentified drone believed to have been launched by pro Iranian militias struck the Royal Tulip Al Rasheed Hotel in Baghdad. Although Iraq officials claimed that the Al-Rasheed Hotel sustained damage, they denied that any casualties were suffered from the attack.[27]
Airstrikes on March 18 targeting a command headquarters in Kirkuk killed at least three PMF fighters belonging to the 45th Brigade.[28] Kata'ib Hezbollah officials proposed five conditions, including the cessation of Israeli Defense Force operations against Hezbollah in Lebanon, the halting of American air strikes against residential areas in Iraq, and the removal of CIA operatives from Iraq beyond Kurdistan Region areas in exchange for halting attacks against embassies.[29] Only hours after Kata'ib Hezbollah's announcement of a ceasefire proposal, American airstrikes struck many PMF positions in Nineveh and killed at least two fighters.[30] Four more PMF fighters affiliated with Asaib Ahl al-Haq were reportedly seriously wounded from those attacks.[31] Other PMF factions, most notably Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada, announced a commitment in pursuing further hostilities against the United States and Israel.[32]
According to local Assyrian sources, the Iraqi Army’s 16th Division was deployed to take over positions held by the PMF's 30th Brigade in the Nineveh Plains to diffuse tensions with the United States.[33]
Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani met with PMF leaders in their headquarters on March 19th, and reaffirmed support for the paramilitary coalition as a “fundamental component of [Iraq's] national security system.” He also condemned foreign airstrikes on PMF positions as a "violation of Iraq's sovereignty."[34] On March 24th, the Ministerial Council for National Security officially granted PMF factions permission to retaliate against airstrikes against them.[35]
A base in Baghdad operated by Harakat al-Nujaba was also reportedly targeted by an airstrike, though PMF sources asserted that the attack only caused "material damage."[36] Airstrikes conducted in the Saladin Governorate struck positions held by the PMF's 6th Brigade. Iraqi officials at the scene reportedly declined to give any causality figures and closed off the affected areas.[37][38]
IRI aligned militias claimed responsibility for 27 attacks against American bases in a 24 hour period on March 21st.[39] A drone attack loosely attributed to the PMF struck an Iraqi government operated National Intelligence Service headquarters and killed a police officer.[40]
PMF sources claim that American and Israeli warplanes struck positions held by the PMF's 15th Brigade in Anbar and North Tigris on March 23rd. Although the PMF admitted to significant damage to their headquarters and logistical assets, it initially reported that no human casualties were suffered from the attacks.[41] Later reports emerged that at least 14 PMF fighters and a senior commander were killed by the airstrikes in Anbar.[42]
Airstrikes targeting a joint Iraqi army and PMF base in Anbar on March 24th killed at least seven Iraqi soldiers and wounded thirteen more survivors. Iraqi officials alleged that the base's healthcare facility was specifically targeted.[43]
Between March 23rd and March 25th, PMF factions announced that they were expanding their attacks to American bases in Syria. However, US forces withdrew from many of the targeted bases mid January due to the 2026 northeastern Syria offensive, and handed them over to the Syrian Transitional Government.[44] Iraqi authorities later announced the arrest of at least four suspects allegedly responsible for the attacks on Syrian bases.[45]
Other airstrikes conducted in March 26th targeted an Anbar base occupied by the PMF's 13th Brigade, and wounded at least three fighters.[46] Another wave of airstrikes in Kirkuk on that same day struck tribal fighters linked to the PMF's 61th Brigade.[47]
On March 27th, the Syrian Army reported that their units shot down an unidentified drone attempting to attack the Al-Tanf base.[48] Syrian sources asserted that the drone was launched from Iraq.
A day later, airstrikes targeting PMF positions near the Kirkuk International Airport killed at least three fighters and two Iraqi policemen.[49]
American journalist Shelly Kittleson was kidnapped by gunmen linked to Kata'ib Hezbollah[50] in Baghdad on March 31st. Iraqi officials reported that security forces captured one of the suspected kidnappers, though the other reported perpetrators remain at large.[51] On April 7th, Kata'ib Hezbollah announced Kittleson's release on the condition of her departure from Iraq.[52]
In early April, Iranian media outlets reported the mass mobilization of PMF factions on the Iraqi-Iranian border. Some of the reports claimed that PMF convoys crossed into Iran and were allegedly deployed to reinforce Basij positions against American and Israeli attacks.[53] American airstrikes also allegedly targeted PMF convoys crossing into Iran, which reportedly led Iraqi officials to close border crossings into Iran.[54]
A series of airstrikes in Western Nineveh killed Yasin Muhammad Sadiq, who was a commander of the PMF's 53rd Brigade, on April 1st. PMF sources also reported another fighter was killed while accompanying Sadiq and four more were wounded.[55]
On April 4th, airstrikes targeting PMF positions near the Syrian-Iraqi border killed at least one Kata'ib Hezebollah fighter. PMF sources also reported four more fighters were also wounded by the attack.[56] Other airstrikes targeted PMF bases near Baghdad and Mosul.[57]
On April 5th, at least five airstrike struck PMF bases and other positions in Saladin province.[58] Other airstrikes targeted a PMF base affiliated with Kata’ib al-Imam Ali in Kirkuk.[59]
An engineering site operated by the PMF inside Camp Ashraf was attacked by warplanes on April 7th. Due to the loss of communications in areas surrounding Camp Ashraf, the number of casualties and damages caused by the bombings currently remain unknown.[60] Airstrikes in Basra targeting farms privately owned by Kata'ib Hezbollah leadership killed a senior commander and two other individuals.[61]
In accordance with the Iranian-American ceasefire declared on April 7th, PMF and IRI aligned factions announced a halting of their military operations.[62] Despite the official ceasefire declaration, a team of American diplomats were reportedly ambushed by PMF gunmen in Baghdad a day later. In response to the attack, the United States Deputy Secretary of StateChristopher Landau summoned Iraqi ambassadors.[63]
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United States 
Israel 
Mohammad-Reza Gharaei Ashtiani 
Falih Al-Fayyadh 
Qais Khazali 
Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani 
Nechirvan Barzani 
Ahmed al-Sharaa 
3 Iraqi policemen (two killed in USAF airstrikes and one killed in a PMF attributed drone attack)
