November 2019 Spanish general election Last updated March 29, 2026
November 2019 Spanish general election Opinion polls Registered 37,001,379 Turnout 24,507,715 (66.2%)pp First party Second party Third party Leader Pedro Sánchez Pablo Casado Santiago Abascal Party PSOE PP Vox Leader since 18 June 2017 21 July 2018 20 September 2014 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid Last election 123 seats, 28.7% 66 seats, 16.7% 24 seats, 10.3% Seats won 120 89 52 Seat change Popular vote 6,792,199 5,047,040 3,656,979 Percentage 28.0% 20.8% 15.1% Swing pp pp pp Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party Leader Pablo Iglesias Gabriel Rufián Albert Rivera Party Unidas Podemos [ a] ERC–Sobiranistes Cs Leader since 15 November 2014 14 October 2019 9 July 2006 Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Madrid Last election 42 seats, 14.3% 15 seats, 3.9% 57 seats, 15.9% Seats won 35 13 10 Seat change Popular vote 3,119,364 880,734 1,650,318 Percentage 12.9% 3.6% 6.8% Swing pp pp pp
Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress) Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress)
Election results by constituency (Congress)
A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the members of the 14th Cortes Generales Spanish Constitution of 1978 . All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate . It was a repeat election under the provisions of Article 99.5 of the Constitution, [ 1] as a result of the failure in government formation negotiations following the previous general election .
Political differences between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos after the April 2019 election saw Pedro Sánchez 's failed investiture as prime minister on 23–25 July 2019. With no further party negotiations during the summer, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November. [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] The failure in negotiations prompted Podemos ' founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid party—which had obtained a remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election —into a national alliance under the newly created brand of Más País , [ 6] [ 7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left allies, such as Coalició Compromís , Equo or Chunta Aragonesista , while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials. [ 8] [ 9]
Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the 2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the opposition People's Party (PP) and large gains for the far-right Vox party at the expense of Citizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end of Albert Rivera 's active political career. [ 10] Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform the combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiated a government shortly after the election, to become the first governing coalition in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic . [ 11] [ 12]
The tenure of the newly formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 .
Background The April 2019 general election saw a commanding win for the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) under the acting prime minister of Spain , Pedro Sánchez , but also a fragmented parliament with a divided right-wing between the People's Party (PP), Citizens (Cs) and the far-right party Vox . [ 13] With a grand coalition with the PP and a 180 seat-majority agreement with Cs being unlikely over mutual vetoes, an understanding between the PSOE and the left-wing Unidas Podemos alliance of Pablo Iglesias that could garner the support of smaller parties was seen as the most feasible outcome. [ 14]
Mutual mistrust between PSOE and Unidas Podemos and a clash over the future cabinet's composition resulted in a political deadlock that led to Pedro Sánchez 's investiture being defeated on 25 July 2019. Talks were postponed until after the 26 May 2019 local , regional and European Parliament elections , whose results consolidated the PSOE's general election gains, [ 15] but Podemos's poor performance allowed right-wing alliances between the PP, Cs and Vox to take control of key strongholds (particularly the Madrid city council and the regional governments of Castile and León , Madrid and Murcia ). [ 16] [ 17] This invigorated the PSOE to seek a single-party government with confidence and supply support from other parties, as opposed to Podemos's aim to form a stable coalition . [ 18] [ 19] [ 20] Concurrently, Cs faced internal infighting over Albert Rivera 's stance to seek right-wing alliances (including the far-right) and vetoing any PSOE-led government; [ 21] this prompted the exit of critics such as Manuel Valls (former French prime minister and party leader in Barcelona , who gave support to Ada Colau 's election as local mayor to prevent a pro-Catalan independence administration) [ 22] [ 23] and Toni Roldán (the party's economics spokesman). [ 24] A party crisis in Podemos over growing personal and ideological differences had seen the split of former founder Íñigo Errejón into the Más Madrid platform, [ 25] [ 26] which was followed in the ensuing months by a number of renounces and resignations by leading members. [ 27] [ 28]
After receiving King Felipe VI 's nomination to attempt investiture , [ 29] a political deadlock ensued as Sánchez clashed with Iglesias over the makeup of the future government, [ 30] with Podemos asking for ministerial portfolios , and the PSOE offering mid-level positions instead. [ 31] Both parties exchanged offers in an attempt to outflank each other, [ 32] [ 33] until Iglesias backed down from seeking a government post for himself as it became apparent their personal and policy differences (particularly on the Catalan question) were Sánchez's main impediment for a coalition deal. [ 34] [ 35] Still, huge mistrust between both parties—which saw themselves more as rivals rather than as partners—negotiation leaks, the perception of excessive demands, and continued clashes over portfolios (with the equality and labour ministries being a focus of conflict), failed to deliver a working agreement and led to a "complete breakdown" of talks. [ 36] [ 37] Sánchez's investiture attempt was defeated 155–124 on 25 July 2019, with the opposition of both PP and Cs (neither willing to abstain), Podemos's abstention, and a lack of commitment from smaller parties due to the absence of a viable deal. [ 38] [ 39] [ 40]
The summer proved inconclusive, as Sánchez postponed further talks until September, [ 41] while the PSOE hardened its position by withdrawing its latest offer to let Podemos into a coalition government. [ 42] [ 43] Final offers by both parties saw the PSOE proposing 370 policy pledges and key responsibilities in non-cabinet state institutions, [ 44] and Podemos offering a one-year trial coalition with the Socialists. [ 45] A last-ditch proposal by Rivera (who U-turned on his previous stance) offered Cs's abstention, as long as it was joined by the PP's and in exchange of certain conditions pertaining taxes , government formation in Navarre and the Catalan crisis , but it failed to get support from any of the other involved parties. [ 46] As further consultations by King Felipe VI failed to deliver a consensus, a snap election was announced for 10 November 2019 amid the parties' blame-seeking. [ 47] [ 48]
Overview Under the 1978 Constitution , the Spanish Cortes Generales imperfect bicameral system. [ 49] [ 50] The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate , having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. [ 51] Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a limited number of functions—such as ratification of international treaties , authorization of collaboration agreements between autonomous communities , enforcement of direct rule , regulation of interterritorial compensation funds, and its role in constitutional amendment and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary —which were not subject to the Congress's override. [ 52]
Electoral system Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales universal suffrage , which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote . [ 53] Additionally, non-resident citizens were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" voting (Spanish : Voto rogado [ 55] [ 56]
The Congress of Deputies was entitled to a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with the electoral law setting its size at 350. 348 members were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies —corresponding to the provinces of Spain , with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations—using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional voting system, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes (which included blank ballots ) being applied in each constituency. The two remaining seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts and elected using plurality voting . [ 57] [ 58] The use of the electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies. [ 59]
As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: [ 60]
Seats Constituencies 37 Madrid 32 Barcelona 15 Valencia 12 Alicante , Seville 11 Málaga 10 Murcia 9 Cádiz 8 A Coruña , Balearic Islands , Biscay , Las Palmas 7 Asturias , Granada , Pontevedra , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Zaragoza 6 Almería , Badajoz , Córdoba , Gipuzkoa , Girona , Tarragona , Toledo 5 Cantabria , Castellón , Ciudad Real , Huelva , Jaén , Navarre , Valladolid 4 Álava , Albacete , Burgos , Cáceres , La Rioja , León , Lleida , Lugo , Ourense , Salamanca 3 Ávila , Cuenca , Guadalajara , Huesca , Palencia , Segovia , Teruel , Zamora 2 Soria
208 seats in the Senate were elected using an open list partial block voting system: in constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands , districts were the islands themselves, with the larger (Mallorca , Gran Canaria and Tenerife ) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller (Menorca , Ibiza –Formentera , Fuerteventura , La Gomera , El Hierro , Lanzarote and La Palma ) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants. [ 61] [ 62]
The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when required, by the designated substitutes . [ 64]
Eligibility Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court ruling nor convicted, even if by a non-final ruling, to forfeiture of eligibility or to specific disqualification or suspension from public office under particular offences: rebellion , terrorism or other crimes against the state . Other causes of ineligibility were imposed on the following officials: [ 65] [ 66]
Other causes of ineligibility for both chambers were imposed on a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned categories—during their tenure of office—in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction, as well as employees of foreign states and members of regional governments. [ 65] [ 66] Incompatibility provisions extended to the president of the National Commission on Markets and Competition ; members of RTVE 's board and of the offices of the prime minister, the ministers and the secretaries of state; government delegates in port authorities , hydrographic confederations and toll highway concessionary companies; presidents and other high-ranking members of public entities, state monopolies , companies with majority public participation and public saving banks ; deputies and senators elected on candidacies subsequently declared illegal by a final court ruling; as well as the impossibility of simultaneously holding the positions of deputy and senator or regional legislator. [ 67]
Election date The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales dissolved earlier. [ 68] The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the scheduled date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. [ 69] The previous election was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible date for election day on Sunday, 28 May 2023.
The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election , provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. [ 70] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. [ 71] Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. [ 72] Still, as of 2026 , there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.
The Cortes Generales [ 60]
Outgoing parliament The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution. [ 73] [ 74]
Parliamentary composition in September 2019 [ 75] Congress of Deputies Groups Parties Deputies Seats Total Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 111 123 PSC 12 People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 66 66 Citizens Parliamentary Group Cs 57 57 United We Can–In Common We Can–Galicia in Podemos 32 42 IU 5 CatComú 4 Equo 1 Vox Parliamentary Group Vox 24 24 Republican Parliamentary Group ERC 13 14 Sobiranistes 1 Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 6 6 Mixed Parliamentary Group JxCat 7 18 EH Bildu 4 CCa 2 UPN 2 ERC 1 [ b] Compromís 1 PRC 1
Parliamentary composition in September 2019 [ 76] Senate [ c] Groups Parties Senators Seats Total Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 136 139 PSC 3 People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 69 69 Republican Left–EH Bildu Parliamentary Group ERC 12 14 EH Bildu 2 Citizens Parliamentary Group Cs 13 13 Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate EAJ/PNV 9 9 Confederal Left Parliamentary Group AA 1 6 Més 1 Más Madrid 1 Compromís 1 CatComú 1 GCE 1 Nationalist Parliamentary Group in the Senate JxCat 4 6 EAJ/PNV 1 CCa 1 Mixed Parliamentary Group Vox 1 9 ERC 1 [ d] UPN 1 PRC 1 PAR 1 ASG 1
Parties and candidates The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry , alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or alliances that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes [ 77] Additionally, a balanced composition of men and women was required in the electoral lists, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition. [ 78]
A special, simplified process was provided for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and alliances without needing to go through pre-election procedures again. [ 79]
Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:
The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election . This consisted of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again. [ 79] The key dates are listed below (all times are CET . The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0 ) instead): [ 93]
24 September: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the president of the Congress of Deputies , ratified by the King; [ 60] formal dissolution of parliament and start of prohibition period on the inauguration of public works, services or projects . 25 September: Constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions , with the same compositions as those in force for the previous election. 30 September: Division of constituencies into polling sections and stations ; deadline for parties and federations to report on their electoral alliances . 7 October: Deadline for electoral register consultation for the purpose of possible corrections; deadline for parties, federations, alliances, and groupings of electors to present or maintain electoral lists . 9 October: Publication of submitted electoral lists in the Official State Gazette (BOE). 14 October: Official proclamation of validly submitted electoral lists. 15 October: Publication of proclaimed electoral lists in the BOE. 19 October: Deadline for non-resident citizens (electors residing abroad (CERA) and citizens temporarily absent from Spain) to apply for voting . 23 October: Deadline for the selection of polling station members by sortition . 31 October: Deadline to apply for postal voting . 1 November: Official start of electoral campaigning . [ 60] 5 November: Start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication; deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail. 6 November: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voting (extended to 8 November by the Central Electoral Commission) 8 November: Last day of electoral campaigning; [ 60] deadline for CERA voting. 9 November: Official election silence ("reflection day"). 10 November : Election day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote); provisional vote counting .13 November: Start of general vote counting, including CERA votes. 16 November: Deadline for the general vote counting. 25 November: Deadline for the proclamation of elected members. 5 December: Deadline for the reconvening of parliament (date determined by the election decree, which for the November 2019 election was set for 3 December). [ 57] [ 60] 4 January: Deadline for the publication of definitive election results in the BOE. Campaign Party slogans Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref. PSOE « Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España » Ahora sí » "Government now. Spain now" [ 94] [ 95] PP « Por todo lo que nos une » "For everything that unites us" [ 96] Cs « España en marcha » "Spain underway" [ 97] Unidas Podemos Main : « Un Gobierno contigo »ECP : « Si vols solucions, vota solucions »En Común : « Conta con nós »Main : "A Government with you"ECP : "If you want solutions, vote solutions"En Común : "Count with us" [ 98] [ 99] [ 100] Vox « España siempre » "Always Spain" [ 101] ERC–Sobiranistes « Tornarem més forts » "We shall return stronger" [ 102] JxCat–Junts « Per la independència, ni un vot enrere » "For independence, not a vote back" [ 103] EAJ/PNV « Hemen, EAJ-PNV » "Here, EAJ/PNV" [ 104] EH Bildu « Erabaki Baietz! » "Decide Yes!" [ 105] CCa–PNC–NC « Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias » "Let's make the Canaries stronger" [ 106] NA+ « Navarra, clave en España » "Navarra, key in Spain" [ 107] BNG « Facer valer Galiza con voz propia » "Enforce Galicia with our own voice" [ 108] Más País Main : « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País »Més Compromís : « Acordar, la política útil »Main : "Unblock, make progress, More Country"Més Compromís : "Agreeing, the useful policy" [ 109] [ 110] CUP–PR « Ingovernables » "Ungovernable" [ 111]
Events and issues The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País , founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election. [ 112] Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís , Chunta Aragonesista and Equo , the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform. [ 9] [ 113] [ 114] The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País. [ 8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed. [ 115]
On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos , a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature. [ 116] The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation; [ 117] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling. [ 118] [ 119]
On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail. [ 120] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days. [ 121] [ 122] [ 123]
Election debates Opinion polls Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate Debate Polling firm/Commissioner Sample PSOE PP Cs UP Vox ERC PNV Tie None ? 1 November SocioMétrica/El Español [ 132] 2,965 14.3 17.6 19.4 16.6 18.5 6.0 3.7 – – 3.9 4 November ElectoPanel/Electomanía [ 133] ? 9.7 7.5 14.8 34.3 33.8 – – – – – Sigma Dos/Antena 3 [ 134] 4,000 20.0 21.5 10.8 29.5 18.2 – – – – – InvyMark/laSexta [ 135] ? 32.3 17.4 12.8 15.5 13.8 – – – – 8.2 SocioMétrica/El Español [ 136] 4,678 20.0 26.3 13.3 15.0 21.8 – – – – 3.6 Ipsos/Henneo [ 137] ? 24.0 9.0 6.0 32.0 29.0 – – – – – NC Report/La Razón [ 138] ? 22.8 25.1 10.1 24.3 17.7 – – – – – CIS [ 139] 4,800 15.3 9.4 4.2 23.3 14.7 – – 3.4 23.7 6.1
Opinion polls Local regression trend line of poll results from 28 April 2019 to 10 November 2019, with each line corresponding to a political party.
Voter turnout The table below shows registered voter turnout on election day, without including non-resident citizens .
Region Time 14:00 18:00 20:00 28A 10N +/– 28A 10N +/– 28A 10N +/– Andalusia 38.94% 35.80% −3.14 57.23% 54.84% −2.39 73.30% 68.23% −5.07 Aragon 44.65% 41.18% −3.47 62.30% 57.88% −4.42 77.62% 71.50% −6.12 Asturias 40.15% 34.42% −5.73 58.67% 53.50% −5.17 73.35% 65.47% −7.88 Balearic Islands 38.10% 30.95% −7.15 54.42% 47.40% −7.02 67.56% 58.71% −8.85 Basque Country 41.75% 40.18% −1.57 60.05% 57.60% −2.45 74.52% 68.93% −5.59 Canary Islands 30.72% 27.07% −3.65 51.00% 44.36% −6.64 68.15% 60.47% −7.68 Cantabria 43.12% 39.12% −4.00 63.64% 59.28% −4.36 78.00% 70.83% −7.17 Castile and León 41.80% 37.29% −4.51 61.99% 56.70% −5.29 78.16% 71.36% −6.80 Castilla–La Mancha 42.71% 38.07% −4.64 62.35% 57.44% −4.91 78.02% 71.38% −6.64 Catalonia 43.52% 40.58% −2.94 64.20% 59.88% −4.32 77.57% 72.14% −5.43 Extremadura 42.86% 37.17% −5.69 60.21% 54.41% −5.80 76.31% 69.12% −7.19 Galicia 36.97% 31.96% −5.01 58.91% 53.24% −5.67 73.97% 66.62% −7.35 La Rioja 44.67% 40.42% −4.25 61.51% 57.45% −4.06 78.12% 71.27% −6.85 Madrid 43.61% 40.98% −2.63 65.10% 61.50% −3.60 79.76% 74.55% −5.21 Murcia 43.41% 39.01% −4.40 61.75% 57.89% −3.86 75.69% 69.99% −5.70 Navarre 43.79% 39.38% −4.41 60.89% 56.46% −4.43 76.32% 69.30% −7.02 Valencian Community 45.87% 42.51% −3.36 61.64% 59.97% −1.67 76.33% 71.71% −4.62 Ceuta 30.47% 27.27% −3.20 48.84% 43.77% −5.07 63.97% 56.19% −7.78 Melilla 28.14% 24.61% −3.53 45.44% 38.98% −6.46 62.94% 57.12% −5.82 Total 41.49% 37.92% –3.57 60.74% 56.85% –3.89 75.75% 69.86% –5.89 Sources [ 140]
Results Congress of Deputies ← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results → Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6,792,199 28.00 −0.67 120 −3 People's Party (PP) 5,047,040 20.81 +4.12 89 +23 Vox (Vox) 3,656,979 15.08 +4.82 52 +28 United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 3,119,364 12.86 −1.46 35 −7 United We Can (Podemos –IU ) 2,381,960 9.82 −1.24 26 −7 In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 549,173 2.26 −0.09 7 ±0 In Common–United We Can (Podemos –EU ) 188,231 0.78 −0.13 2 ±0 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 1,650,318 6.80 −9.06 10 −47 Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC –Sobiranistes ) 880,734 3.63 −0.28 13 −2 Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC –Sobiranistes ) 874,859 3.61 −0.28 13 −2 Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 5,875 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0 More Country (Más País) 582,306 2.40 New 3 +2 More Country –Equo (Más País–Equo) 330,345 1.36 New 2 +2 More Commitment (Més Compromís)1 176,287 0.73 +0.07 1 ±0 More Country (Más País) 52,478 0.22 New 0 ±0 More Country –Aragonese Union –Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) 23,196 0.10 New 0 ±0 Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) 530,225 2.19 +0.28 8 +1 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 379,002 1.56 +0.05 6 ±0 Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 277,621 1.14 +0.15 5 +1 Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR) 246,971 1.02 New 2 +2 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 228,856 0.94 −0.31 0 ±0 Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa –PNC –NC )2 124,289 0.51 −0.15 2 ±0 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 120,456 0.50 +0.14 1 +1 Sum Navarre (NA+) 99,078 0.41 ±0.00 2 ±0 Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 68,830 0.28 +0.08 1 ±0 Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 35,042 0.14 −0.04 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 27,272 0.11 +0.03 0 ±0 Teruel Exists (¡TE!) 19,761 0.08 New 1 +1 More Left (Més –MxMe –esquerra )3 18,295 0.08 −0.02 0 ±0 Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 14,046 0.06 +0.02 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 13,828 0.06 −0.01 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 13,029 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0 Yes to the Future (GBai) 12,709 0.05 −0.04 0 ±0 Leonese People's Union (UPL) 10,243 0.04 New 0 ±0 Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 9,725 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0 Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 8,955 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0 Blank Seats (EB) 5,970 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0 For Ávila (XAV) 5,416 0.02 New 0 ±0 Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) 5,416 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0 The Greens (Verdes) 3,287 0.01 New 0 ±0 Humanist Party (PH) 3,150 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0 Feminist Initiative (IFem) 3,005 0.01 New 0 ±0 We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 2,339 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0 We Are Region (Somos Región) 2,328 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0 Left in Positive (IZQP) 2,325 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Canaries Now (ANC –UP ) 2,032 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 2,015 0.01 New 0 ±0 Aragonese Union (CHA) 2,000 0.01 New 0 ±0 Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 1,466 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 United Extremadura (EU) 1,347 0.01 New 0 ±0 European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1,259 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0 Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 1,171 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,068 0.00 New 0 ±0 United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) 1,067 0.00 New 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 941 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0 Andecha Astur (Andecha) 887 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) 819 0.00 New 0 ±0 Puyalón (PYLN) 630 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS) 616 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) 585 0.00 New 0 ±0 Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 530 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Andalusian Convergence (CAnda) 520 0.00 New 0 ±0 Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 461 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 270 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 249 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Centered (centrados) 234 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Plural Democracy (DPL) 214 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) 113 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 XXI Convergence (C21) 72 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Union of Everyone (UdT) 26 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Blank ballots 217,227 0.90 +0.14 Total 24,258,228 350 ±0 Valid votes 24,258,228 98.98 +0.03 Invalid votes 249,487 1.02 −0.03 Votes cast / turnout 24,507,715 66.23 −5.53 Abstentions 12,493,664 33.77 +5.53 Registered voters 37,001,379 Sources [ 140] [ 141] [ 142] [ 143]
Senate ← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results → Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 19,481,846 30.62 +1.29 93 −30 People's Party (PP) 17,074,301 26.84 +7.68 83 +29 United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 7,884,444 12.39 −0.38 0 ±0 United We Can (Podemos –IU ) 5,993,304 9.42 −0.25 0 ±0 In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 1,440,373 2.26 +0.15 0 ±0 In Common–United We Can (Podemos –EU ) 450,767 0.71 −0.03 0 ±0 Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 4,951,350 7.78 −7.07 0 −4 Vox (Vox) 3,229,631 5.08 −3.27 2 +2 Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC –Sobiranistes ) 3,054,285 4.80 +0.41 11 ±0 Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC –Sobiranistes ) 3,040,779 4.78 +0.40 11 ±0 Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 11,894 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0 Republican Left (esquerra)1 1,612 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) 1,689,482 2.66 +0.53 3 +1 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 1,152,440 1.81 +0.16 9 ±0 Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 977,844 1.54 −0.30 0 ±0 More Country (Más País) 960,287 1.51 New 0 ±0 More Commitment (Més Compromís)2 474,607 0.75 −0.05 0 ±0 More Country –Equo (Más País–Equo) 384,728 0.60 New 0 ±0 More Country –Aragonese Union –Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) 51,532 0.08 New 0 ±0 More Country (Más País) 49,420 0.08 New 0 ±0 Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 842,993 1.33 +0.43 1 ±0 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 411,948 0.65 +0.18 0 ±0 Sum Navarre (NA+) 309,357 0.49 +0.04 3 ±0 Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa –PNC –NC )3 220,299 0.35 −0.09 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 176,740 0.28 +0.06 0 ±0 Zero Cuts –Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 128,201 0.20 −0.04 0 ±0 For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 70,514 0.11 +0.02 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 69,326 0.11 +0.04 0 ±0 Teruel Exists (¡TE!) 57,340 0.09 New 2 +2 Yes to the Future (GBai)4 52,076 0.08 n/a 0 ±0 Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 50,663 0.08 +0.02 0 ±0 Leonese People's Union (UPL) 41,773 0.07 New 0 ±0 More Left (Més –esquerra ) 37,727 0.06 New 0 ±0 Humanist Party (PH) 28,052 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0 Blank Seats (EB) 26,258 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 22,767 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0 For Ávila (XAV) 21,340 0.03 New 0 ±0 Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 17,427 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0 Feminist Initiative (IFem) 14,139 0.02 New 0 ±0 Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) 13,099 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0 We Are Region (Somos Región) 12,888 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0 Aragonese Union (CHA) 7,622 0.01 New 0 ±0 We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 7,058 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 United Extremadura (EU) 7,021 0.01 New 0 ±0 Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 7,015 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 6,350 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0 Canaries Now (ANC –UP ) 6,196 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Left in Positive (IZQP) 4,786 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Andecha Astur (Andecha) 4,518 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 4,276 0.01 New 0 ±0 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS) 4,179 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0 Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) 3,628 0.01 ±0.00 1 ±0 More for Menorca (MxMe) 3,310 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 2,331 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0 Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 2,327 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0 Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 2,307 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 The Greens (Verdes) 1,862 0.00 New 0 ±0 European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1,557 0.00 New 0 ±0 Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,514 0.00 New 0 ±0 Aragonese Land (TA) 1,509 0.00 New 0 ±0 Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) 1,439 0.00 New 0 ±0 Puyalón (PYLN) 1,373 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) 1,115 0.00 New 0 ±0 European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 974 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 855 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Centered (centrados) 734 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Plural Democracy (DPL) 428 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) 401 0.00 New 0 ±0 XXI Convergence (C21) 257 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Union of Everyone (UdT) 79 0.00 New 0 ±0 Blank ballots [ l] 451,449 1.89 +0.18 Total 63,619,307 208 ±0 Valid votes 23,825,576 97.70 −0.28 Invalid votes 561,601 2.30 +0.28 Votes cast / turnout 24,387,177 65.91 −5.41 Abstentions 12,614,202 34.09 +5.41 Registered voters 37,001,379 Sources [ 74] [ 140] [ 141] [ 142] [ 144]
Maps Election results by constituency (Congress).
Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).
Aftermath Reactions On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens (Cs) [ 145] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely. [ 146] The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.
On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies. [ 147]
2020 motion of no confidence 2023 motion of no confidence In February 2023, Ramón Tamames , a former member of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if a Vox -proposed motion of no confidence were successful. [ 152] The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions (People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against. [ 153]
Notes ↑ Total figures include results for En Comú Podem and En Común . ↑ Oriol Junqueras had his Congress of Deputies membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group. ↑ 3 seats were vacant, pending regional appointments as a result of the 2019 Spanish regional elections . ↑ Raül Romeva had his Senate membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group. ↑ Results for CCa–PNC (0.5%, 2 deputies) and NCa (0.1%, 0 deputies) in the April 2019 Congress election. ↑ Results for CCa–PNC (0.3%, 0 senators) and NCa (0.1%, 0 senators) in the April 2019 Senate election. ↑ Coalició Compromís (1 deputy and 0 senators) joined the Més Compromís alliance ahead of the November 2019 election. ↑ Denotes a main invitee attending the event. ↑ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place. ↑ Parliamentary spokespersons' debate. ↑ "Women's debate". ↑ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party. ↑ Due to the vacancy of Unidas Podemos MP Alberto Rodríguez's seat, the effective absolute majority was at 175. [ 154] References ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 99 . ↑ Díez, Anabel; Alberola, Miquel; Elordi Cué, Carlos (17 September 2019). "La falta de acuerdo entre los partidos obliga a otras elecciones" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Esteban, Paloma (17 September 2019). "El Rey constata la falta de apoyos a Sánchez que aboca a elecciones el 10 de noviembre" . El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Cortizo, Gonzalo (17 September 2019). "El rey constata el desacuerdo político, no propone candidato y España se aboca a elecciones" . eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Jones, Sam (17 September 2019). "Country to hold 10 November election after talks to break deadlock fail" . The Guardian . Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Martiarena, Asier (27 September 2019). "Errejón formaliza su candidatura al 10-N aclamado por la militancia de Más País" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2019 . ↑ Rodero, Pablo (26 September 2019). "El plan de Errejón para que Más País consiga grupo propio en el Congreso" . 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . 1 2 Marcos, Ana; Vadillo, Virginia (27 September 2019). "Los dos diputados autonómicos de Podemos en Murcia se pasan al partido de Errejón" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid / Murcia. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . 1 2 3 Piña, Raúl (27 September 2019). "Primera ruptura en Unidas Podemos: Equo decide aliarse con Más País de Íñigo Errejón" . El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ R. Aguilar, Alberto (11 November 2019). "Ciudadanos pierde 47 escaños tras el 10-N y sufre el quinto mayor batacazo electoral de la historia de la democracia: estos son los otros cuatro" . Business Insider (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Gil Grande, Rocío (12 November 2019). "El primer Gobierno de coalición que marcaría un nuevo hito en la historia de España" (in Spanish). RTVE . Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Castro, Irene (10 January 2020). "Pedro Sánchez se rodea de perfiles técnicos frente al peso político de Unidas Podemos" . eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Jones, Sam (29 April 2019). "Spanish election: socialists win amid far-right gains for Vox party" . The Guardian . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Jones, Sam (29 April 2019). "Spain's socialist PSOE party mulls next move after victory without majority" . The Guardian . Madrid. Retrieved 25 September 2025 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Hunter, Simon (translation) (27 May 2019). "Socialists win big in Sunday's elections but the right takes control of Madrid" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Jones, Sam (15 June 2019). "Spanish parties enlist support of far-right Vox to control Madrid" . The Guardian . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Mateo, Juan José (14 August 2019). "Madrid region gets its first government propped up by the far right" . El País . Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Alberola, Miquel; Kitson, Melissa; Urra, Susana (translation) (6 June 2019). "Spanish PM plays waiting game ahead of bid for a second term" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . {{cite news }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link ) ↑ Torres, Diego (7 June 2019). "Spain's Sánchez waiting game" . Politico . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Alberola, Miquel; Díez, Anabel; Urra, Susana (translation) (7 June 2019). "After long wait, Spanish PM is ready for talks to form new government" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ García de Blas, Elsa; Urra, Susana (translation) (25 June 2019). "Spain's Ciudadanos party faces internal crisis over shift to the right" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Anderson, Emma (17 June 2019). "Spain's Ciudadanos breaks ties with Manuel Valls" . Politico . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ García de Blas, Elsa; Segura, Cristian; Kitson, Melissa (translation) (20 June 2019). "Manuel Valls: "With Vox you end up getting your hands dirty, and to some extent, your soul" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Jones, Sam (24 June 2019). "Spain's Citizens party under pressure over far-right deals" . The Guardian . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Marcos, Ana; Rodríguez-Pina, Gloria; Mateo, Juan José; Urra, Susana (translation) (18 January 2019). "Podemos founders go their separate ways ahead of Madrid elections" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 28 March 2026 . ↑ Tremlett, Giles (19 February 2019). "Podemos was the dazzling new force in Spanish politics. What went wrong?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 March 2026 . ↑ "Spain's crisis-hit Podemos launches election campaign" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2026 . ↑ Marcos, Ana; Vadillo, Virginia (27 September 2019). "Los dos diputados autonómicos de Podemos en Murcia se pasan al partido de Errejón" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid / Murcia. Retrieved 28 March 2026 . ↑ "Spanish king asks Socialists to form new government" . The Guardian . Madrid. Agence France-Presse . 6 June 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Marcos, Ana; Elordi Cué, Carlos; Kitson, Melissa (translation) (11 June 2019). "Socialists, Unidas Podemos agree to negotiate "government of cooperation" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Urra, Susana (translation) (19 June 2019). "In Spain, parties argue over the meaning of "cooperation government" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Marcos, Ana; Marcos, José; Kitson, Melissa (translation) (27 June 2019). "Acting Spanish PM may head to investiture vote without support of Unidas Podemos" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Díez, Anabel; Urra, Susana (translation) (15 July 2019). "Acting Spanish PM Pedro Sánchez says deal with Podemos is dead in water" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ "Spain's Socialists and far-left party Podemos step closer to government deal" . France 24. Agence France-Presse. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Devereux, Charlie (20 July 2019). "Sanchez Nears Power in Spain as Podemos' Iglesias Backs Down" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Urra, Susana (translation) (24 July 2019). "Fear of fresh election could produce last-minute governing deal in Spain" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Hunter, Simon (translation) (25 July 2019). "Caretaker government says talks with Podemos have "completely broken down" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Burgen, Stephen (25 July 2019). "Spanish caretaker PM fails in second attempt to form government" . The Guardian . Barcelona. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ "Spain's Pedro Sánchez loses vote to form government" . BBC News . 25 July 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Hunter, Simon (translation) (26 July 2019). "Spain left wondering how a bid to form a government failed so badly" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ "Spain's Sanchez to meet with Podemos, others to seek backing for government" . Madrid: Euronews . Reuters . 9 August 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ González, Miguel; Martínez Ahrens, Jan; Díez, Anabel; Urra, Susana (translation) (29 July 2019). "In wake of failed investiture bid, Socialists rule out coalition government" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Devereux, Charlie (30 August 2019). "Spain's Sanchez Withdraws Offer to Let Podemos Into a Coalition" . Bloomberg News. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Marcos, José; Marcos, Ana; Hunter, Simon (translation) (3 September 2019). "As deadline for new election looms, Spain's PM reaches out to Podemos" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Marcos, Ana; Elordi Cué, Carlos; Urra, Susana (translation) (13 September 2019). "Spain's acting PM rejects latest offer for a "trial coalition" with leftist Podemos" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Urra, Susana (translation) (17 September 2019). "In Spain, time is running out for a last-ditch deal to avert a fresh election" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Jones, Sam (17 September 2019). "Spain likely to return to the polls in November after party talks fail" . The Guardian . Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ "Spain to hold fourth election in four years" . BBC News. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2026 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 66 . ↑ "Constitución española. Título III. De las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 66" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies . Retrieved 11 October 2025 , Constitution (1978) , art. 66 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , arts. 90 & 99 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , arts. 74, 94, 122, 145, 155, 158–159 & 166–167 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 2–3 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , art. 75 . ↑ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote" . cafebabel.co.uk . Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2017 . 1 2 Constitution (1978) , art. 68 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 162–164 . ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems" . Dublin: Trinity College Dublin . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 Real Decreto 551/2019, de 24 de septiembre, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones (PDF) (Royal Decree 551/2019). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 24 September 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2025 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 69 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 162 & 165–166 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 46, 48, 164, 166 & 170–171 . 1 2 Constitution (1978) , art. 70 . 1 2 LOREG (1985) , arts. 6 & 154 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , art. 155 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 68–69 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 42 & 167 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , arts. 115–116 . ↑ Constitution (1978) , art. 99 . ↑ "Constitución española. Título V. De las relaciones entre el Gobierno y las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 115" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies . Retrieved 31 October 2025 , Constitution (1978) , art. 115 . ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado" . Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025 . 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Composición del Senado 1977-2026" . Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025 . ↑ "Grupos parlamentarios" . Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020 . ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977" . Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2020 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , arts. 44 & 169 . ↑ LOREG (1985) , art. 44 bis . 1 2 LOREG (1985) , add. prov. 7 . ↑ "PP y Foro Asturias concurrirán en coalición a las generales del 10N" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Oviedo. EFE . 27 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ García de Blas, Elsa (7 October 2019). "Ciudadanos y UPyD irán juntos a las elecciones generales" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "IU ratifica que irá bajo la fórmula de Unidas Podemos al 10N porque defiende "la misma propuesta" que en el 28A" (in Spanish). Madrid: Europa Press . 26 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . 1 2 "Junqueras y los otros condenados salen de las listas electorales para el 10-N" . El Confidencial (in Spanish). EFE. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "NC opta por ir con CC el 10N" . Diario de Avisos (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019 . ↑ "UPN volverá a concurrir con Navarra Suma a las elecciones del 10-N y cierra también sus candidatos en las listas" . Navarra.com (in Spanish). 23 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Fabián Chinea será el candidato de ASG al Senado" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de Tenerife. EFE. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Caballero, Fátima (25 September 2019). "Errejón ya tiene marca para presentarse a las elecciones: concurrirá el 10 de noviembre con Más País" . eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Romero, Víctor (23 September 2019). "Compromís elige a Errejón para el 10-N: "La plataforma única no es posible" . El Confidencial (in Spanish). Valencia. Retrieved 23 September 2019 . ↑ Alonso, Jorge (24 September 2019). "CHA negocia una alianza con el partido de Errejón para las elecciones del 10N" . Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Pirates de Catalunya aprueba concurrir al 10N en coalición con la CUP" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. EFE. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020 . ↑ Regué, Júlia (4 October 2019). "La exdiputada Mireia Vehí encabezará la lista de la CUP al Congreso" . El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "La CUP-PR concorrerà al 10N per impugnar el règim i dificultar la governabilitat a l'Estat" (in Catalan). Popular Unity Candidacy . 4 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Elecciones Generales 10 de noviembre de 2019. Calendario Electoral" (PDF) (in Spanish). Central Electoral Commission . Retrieved 24 January 2026 . ↑ " . El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Madrid. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Marcos, José (28 October 2019). " . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Calleja, Mariano (7 October 2019). " . ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ García de Blas, Elsa (5 October 2019). "Rivera levanta el veto al PSOE y se abre a pactar con Sánchez" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Iglesias anuncia el lema de campaña de Unidas Podemos: 'Un Gobierno contigo' . eldiario.es (in Spanish). Madrid. Europa Press. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Velert, Jordi (30 October 2019). " . Nació Digital (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Galicia en Común encara o 10N co lema 'Conta con nós' . Sermos Galiza (in Galician). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Carvajal, Álvaro (1 October 2019). "Vox rivaliza con el PSOE y responde a su lema de campaña con el eslogan "España siempre" . El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "ERC avisa que amb un PSOE que ho fa "tot impossible" i no dialoga "no hi ha res a parlar" . El Punt Avui (in Catalan). Barcelona. ACN. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Orriols, Núria (29 October 2019). "Borràs afirma que JxCat "no regalarà cap vot" a Sánchez després del 10-N" . Ara (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "PNV se compromete a aportar estabilidad institucional al Estado y buscará tener capacidad de interlocución" (in Spanish). Bilbao: Europa Press. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Otegi dice que solo la suma de soberanistas de izquierdas "pondrá fin a la herencia que dejó la dictadura" (in Spanish). San Sebastián: Europa Press. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Oramas pide el voto nacionalista para hacer "más fuerte a Canarias" (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Europa Press. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "NA+ se presenta a las elecciones defendiendo que "Navarra es clave en España" . Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). Pamplona. EFE. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "O Morrazo se suma a la campaña más corta" . Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). Cangas / Moaña. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Más País presenta su lema de campaña para las generales" . 20 minutos (in Spanish). 22 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Més Compromís se reivindica como "socio útil" para "obligar al PSOE a que haya gobierno de izquierdas" . 20 minutos (in Spanish). Valencia. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "La CUP presenta el lema de campanya per a les eleccions del 10-N: 'Ingovernables' . La República (in Catalan). Barcelona. ACN. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Spanish elections: popular leftwing politician forms new party" . The Guardian . Madrid. Reuters . 25 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Vázquez, Cristina (25 September 2019). "Un 70% de la militancia de Compromís apoya ir con la formación de Errejón el 10-N" . El País (in Spanish). Valencia. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Ortega, Javier (27 September 2019). "La Chunta Aragonesista irá con Errejón el 10-N en Zaragoza y no se presentará en Teruel" . El Mundo (in Spanish). Zaragoza. Agencias. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "New Spanish poll points to election stalemate" . Madrid: Euronews . Reuters. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Pérez Maestro, Laura; John, Tara (24 September 2019). "Franco's body can be exhumed, rules Spanish court" . Madrid: CNN . Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Galaup, Laura (9 October 2019). "El prior del Valle de los Caídos desacata la sentencia del Supremo y no autoriza la exhumación de Franco" . eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "El Gobierno cierra el Valle de los Caídos hasta la exhumación de Franco" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Romero, Juanma (11 October 2019). "El Gobierno desactiva al prior y estira la exhumación de Franco como arma del 10-N" . El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Rincón, Reyes (14 October 2019). "Sentencia del 'procés': penas de 9 a 13 años para Junqueras y los otros líderes por sedición y malversación" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Guerrero, David (15 October 2019). "Las protestas bloquean el aeropuerto de El Prat" . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Catalan protests: Fresh clashes after Spain jails separatist leaders" . BBC News. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Regué, Júlia; Sánchez, Guillem; Márquez, Carlos (17 October 2019). "Grupos violentos trasladan su pulso a la sede de Interior en Barcelona" . El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "RTVE celebra un debate a siete con los portavoces parlamentarios el 1 de noviembre" (in Spanish). RTVE. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Esto empieza fuerte: viernes récord en TV con el primer debate (17.7% y 2.468.000)" . Vertele (in Spanish). 2 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Reyes, Jorge (2 November 2019). " . El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "El mitin del 'Deluxe' (18.8%) acostumbra a ser lo más multitudinario del sábado noche" . Vertele (in Spanish). 3 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Romero, Juanma (27 October 2019). "Blanco y Vallés de moderadores, 700.000 € de coste: los últimos datos del debate del 4-N" . El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Saiz, David (5 November 2019). "10N. El debate a cinco barre con 8.621.000 espectadores pero pierde audiencia respecto al 28A" . El Economista (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "7N, el debate en laSexta: la última oportunidad antes de las elecciones generales" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta . 8 October 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "laSexta se dispara con El Debate 7N (19.2%), su emisión más vista de la temporada" . Vertele (in Spanish). 8 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Arrimadas ganó el debate con el 42% entre los abstencionistas mientras Lastra se hundió" . El Español (in Spanish). 2 November 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . ↑ "ElectoPanel (Debate 4N): Iglesias y Abascal empatados en cabeza. Sánchez, perdedor del debate" (in Spanish). Electomanía. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019 . ↑ "Pablo Iglesias gana el debate electoral según la encuesta exclusiva de Sigma Dos para Antena 3 Noticias" (in Spanish). Antena 3 . 5 November 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . ↑ "Pedro Sánchez, ganador del debate electoral del 4N" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . ↑ Ramírez, Daniel (5 November 2019). "Pablo Casado ganó el debate al imponerse en cuatro de los cinco bloques" . El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 February 2026 . ↑ "Encuesta IPSOS: El debate del lunes fue irrelevante para un 43% de los españoles y cambió el voto al 5%" . 20 minutos (in Spanish). 5 November 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . ↑ Bartolomé, Andrés (5 November 2019). "Pablo Casado ganó el debate al imponerse en cuatro de los cinco bloques" . La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 February 2026 . ↑ "Barómetro de diciembre 2019. Postelectoral elecciones generales 2019 (Estudio nº 3269. Noviembre-diciembre 2019)" (in Spanish). CIS. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . 1 2 3 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 10 de noviembre de 2019" . Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025 . 1 2 "Resolución de 29 de noviembre de 2019, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 551/2019, de 24 de septiembre, y celebradas el 10 de noviembre de 2019, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF) . Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (289): 132096– 132164. 2 December 2019. ISSN 0212-033X . Retrieved 19 October 2025 . ↑ "Resolución de 17 de diciembre de 2019, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se corrigen errores en la de 29 de noviembre de 2019, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 551/2019, de 24 de septiembre, y celebradas el 10 de noviembre de 2019, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de efectos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y Melilla" (PDF) . Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (303): 136615– 136640. 18 December 2019. ISSN 0212-033X . Retrieved 19 October 2025 . ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Senado 10 de noviembre de 2019" . Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025 . ↑ García de Blas, Elsa (11 November 2019). "Ciudadanos leader Albert Rivera quits after election debacle" . El País . Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ Moraga, Carmen (11 November 2019). "Albert Rivera abandona la política: dimite como presidente de Ciudadanos y renuncia a su escaño tras el batacazo electoral" . eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Spain's Sánchez narrowly wins vote to govern in coalition" . BBC News . 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020 . 1 2 3 Lozano, Carles. "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes" . Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025 . ↑ Díez, Anabel; Marcos, José (5 January 2020). "Sánchez no logra la confianza del Congreso en la primera votación" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 January 2020 . ↑ Casqueiro, Javier; Pérez, Fernando Jesús (7 January 2020). "Pedro Sánchez logra la investidura y formará el primer Gobierno de coalición de la democracia" . El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . ↑ "Fracasa la moción de censura de Abascal al no sumar Vox ni un voto en el Congreso" (in Spanish). Madrid: Europa Press. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020 . ↑ Gil, Andrés (3 February 2023). "Ramón Tamames, de fundador de Izquierda Unida a candidato de Vox" . elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ↑ "El Congreso rechaza la moción de censura de Vox contra Pedro Sánchez" [ Congress rejects Vox's vote of no confidence against Pedro Sánchez] (in Spanish). Madrid: Onda Cero . 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023 . ↑ "¿Cuántos votos necesita Vox para ganar la moción de censura?" . El Periódico (in Spanish). Madrid. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2025 . This page is based on this
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