英文互译镜像站

Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)

Last updated September 19, 2025

The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962)^[1] is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.

Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata [p. 24]
- Subphylum 1. Hemichordata (e.g., Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura )
- Subphylum 2. Cephalochordata (= Acrania) (e.g., Branchiostoma )
- Subphylum 3. Tunicata (e.g., Ciona )
- Subphylum 4. Vertebrata (= Craniata)
  - Superclass 1. Agnatha
    - Class 1. Cyclostomata
    - Class 2. †Cephalaspidomorphi (e.g., † Cephalaspis )
    - Class 3. †Pteraspidomorphi (e.g., † Pteraspis )
    - Class 4. †Anaspida (e.g., † Birkenia , † Jamoytius )
  - Superclass 2. Gnathostomata
    - Class 1. †Placodermi (e.g., † Acanthodes )
    - Class 2. Elasmobranchii
    - Class 3. Actinopterygii
    - Class 4. Crossopterygii
    - Class 5. Amphibia
    - Class 6. Reptilia
    - Class 7. Aves
    - Class 8. Mammalia

Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)

Superclass Agnatha

Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)
- Superclass 1. Agnatha [p. 81]
  - Class 1. Cyclostomata
    - Order 1. Petromyzontia (e.g., Petromyzon, Lampetra, Entosphenus, Geotria, Mordacia )
    - Order 2. Myxinoidea (e.g., Myxine, Bdellostoma )
  - Class 2. †Osteostraci (e.g., † Cephalaspis , † Tremataspis )
  - Class 3. †Anaspida (e.g., † Birkenia , † Jamoytius )
  - Class 4. †Heterostraci (e.g., † Astraspis , † Pteraspis , † Drepanaspis )
  - Class 5. †Coelolepida (e.g., † Thelodus , † Lanarkia )

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class Elasmobranchii

Superclass 2. Gnathostomata
- Class Elasmobranchii (= Chondrichthyes) [p. 175]
  - Subclass 1. Selachii
    - Order 1. †Cladoselachii (e.g., † Cladoselache , † Goodrichia )
    - Order 2. †Pleuracanthodii (e.g., † Pleuracanthus )
    - Order 3. Protoselachii (e.g., † Hybodiis, Heterodontus )
    - Order 4. Euselachii
      - Suborder 1. Pleurotremata
        Division 1. Notidanoidea (e.g., Hexanchus, Chlamydoselache )
        Division 2. Galeoidea (e.g., Scyliorhinus, Mustelus, Cetorhinus, Carcharodon )
        Division 3. Squaloidea (e.g., Squalus, Squatina, Pristiophorus, Alopias )
      - Suborder 2. Hypotremata (e.g., Raja, Rhinobatis, Pristis, Torpedo, Trygon )
  - Subclass 2. Bradyodonti
    - Order 1. †Eubradyodonti (e.g., † Helodus )
    - Order 2. Holocephali (e.g., Chimaera )

Class Actinopterygii

Class Actinopterygii [p. 228]
- Superorder 1. Chondrostei
  - Order 1. Palaeoniscoidei (e.g., † Cheirolepis , † Palaeoniscus , † Amphicentrum , † Platysomus , † Dorypterus , † Cleithrolepis , † Tarrasius , Polypterus [bichir])
  - Order 2. Acipenseroidei (e.g., † Chondrosteus , Acipenser [sturgeon], Polyodon [paddle-fish])
  - Order 3. Subholostei (e.g., † Ptycholepis )
- Superorder 2. Holostei (e.g., † Acentrophorus , † Lepidotes , † Dapedius , † Microdon , Amia [bowfin], Lepisosteus [gar-pike])
- Superorder 3. Teleostei
  - Order 1. Isospondyli (e.g., † Leptolepis , † Portheus , Clupea [herring], Salmo [trout])
  - Order 2. Ostariophysi (e.g., Cyprinus [carp], Tinea ^{[ clarification needed ]} [tench], Silurus [catfish])
  - Order 3. Apodes (e.g., Anguilla [eel], Conger [conger eel])
  - Order 4. Mesichthyes (e.g., Esox [pike], Belone , Exocoetus [flying fish], Gasterosteus [stickle-back], Syngnathus [pipe-fish], Hippocampus [seahorse])
  - Order 5. Acanthopterygii (e.g., † Hoplopteryx , Zens [John Dory], Perca [perch], Labrus [wrasse], Uranoscopus [star gazer], Blennius [blenny], Gadus [whiting], Pleuronectes [plaice], Solea [sole], Lophius [angler-fish])

Class Crossopterygii

Class Crossopterygii [p. 268]
- Order 1. Rhipidistia
  - Suborder 1. †Osteolepidoti (e.g., † Osteolepis , † Sauripterus , † Diplopterax , † Eusthenopteron )
  - Suborder 2. Coelacanthini (= Actinistia) (e.g., † Coelacanthus , † Undina , Latimeria )
- Order 2. Dipnoi (e.g., † Dipterus , † Ceratodus , Neoceratodus , Protopterus , Lepidosiren )

Class Amphibia

Class Amphibia [p. 296]
- Subclass 1. †Stegocephalia
  - Order 1. †Labyrinthodontia
    - Suborder 1. †Ichthyostegalia (e.g., † Ichthyostega , † Elpistostege )
    - Suborder 2. †Embolomeri (e.g., † Eogyrinus , † Loxomma )
    - Suborder 3. †Rhachitomi (e.g., † Eryops , † Cacops )
    - Suborder 4. †Stereospondyli (e.g., † Capitosaurus , † Buettneria )
  - Order 2. †Phyllospondyli (e.g., † Branchiosaurus )
  - Order 3. †Lepospondyli (e.g., † Dolichosoma , † Diplocaulus , † Microbrachis )
  - Order 4. †Adelospondyli (e.g., † Lysorophus )
- Subclass 2. Urodela (= Caudata) (e.g., Molge , Salamandra , Ambystoma , Necturus )
- Subclass 3. Anura (= Salientia) (e.g., † Miobatrachus , † Protobatrachiis , Rana , Bufo , Hyla , Pipa )
- Subclass 4. Apoda (= Gymnophiona = Caecilia) (e.g., Ichthyophis, Typhlonectes )

Class Reptilia

Class Reptilia [p. 369]
- Subclass 1. Anapsida
  - Order 1. †Cotylosauria (e.g., † Seymouria , † Captorhinus , † Diadectes )
  - Order 2. Chelonia (e.g., † Eunotosaurus , † Triassochelys , Chelys , Emys , Chelone , Testudo )
- Subclass 2. †Synaptosauria
  - Order 1. †Protorosauria (e.g., † Araeoscelis , † Tanystropheus )
  - Order 2. †Sauropterygia (e.g., † Lariosaurus , † Pliosaurus , † Plesiosaurus , † Placodus )
- Subclass 3. †Ichthyopterygia
  - Order 1. †Ichthyosauria (e.g., † Mixosaurus , † Ichthyosaurus )
- Subclass 4. Lepidosauria
  - Order 1. †Eosuchia (e.g., † Youngina , † Prolacerta )
  - Order 2. Rhynchocephalia (e.g., † Homoesaurus , † Rhynchosaurus , Sphenodon [= Hatteria ])
  - Order 3. Squamata
    - Suborder 1. Lacertilia (= Sauria)
      - Infraorder 1. Gekkota (e.g., Gecko )
      - Infraorder 2. Iguania (e.g., Iguana , Anolis , Phrynosoma , Draco , Lyriocephalus , Agama , Chamaeleo )
      - Infraorder 3. Scincomorpha (e.g., Lacerta, Scincus, Amphisbaena )
      - Infraorder 4. Anguimorpha (e.g., † Dolichosaurus , † Aigialosaurus , † Tylosaurus , Varanus , Lanthanotus , Anguis )
    - Suborder 2. Ophidia (= Serpentes) (e.g., † Palaeophis , Python , Natrix , Naja , Vipera )
- Subclass 5. Archosauria
  - Order 1. †Pseudosuchia (= †Thecodontia) (e.g., † Euparkeria , † Saltoposuchus )
  - Order 2. †Phytosauria (e.g., † Phytosaurus , † Mystriosuchus )
  - Order 3. Crocodilia (e.g., † Protosuchus , Crocodilus , Alligator , Caiman , Gavialis )
  - Order 4. †Saurischia
    - Suborder 1. †Theropoda (e.g., † Compsognathus , † Ornitholestes , † Allosaurus , † Tyrannosaurus , † Struthiomimus )
    - Suborder 2. †Sauropoda (e.g., † Apatosaurus [= † Brontosaurus ], † Diplodocus , † Yaleosaurus , † Plateosaurus , Brachiosaurus )
  - Order 5. †Ornithischia
    - Suborder 1. †Ornithopoda (e.g., † Camptosaurus , † Iguanodon , † Hadrosaurus )
    - Suborder 2. †Stegosauria (e.g., † Stegosaurus )
    - Suborder 3. †Ankylosauria (e.g., † Ankylosaurus , † Nodosaurus )
    - Suborder 4. †Ceratopsia (e.g., † Triceratops )
  - Order 6. †Pterosauria (e.g., † Rhamphorhynchus , † Pteranodon )
- Subclass 6. †Synapsida [pp. 370, 533]
  - Order 1. †Pelycosauria (= †Theromorpha) (e.g., † Varanosaurus , † Edaphosaurus , † Dimetrodon )
  - Order 2. †Therapsida
    - Suborder 1. †Dicynodontia (e.g., † Galepus , † Moschops , † Dicynodon , † Kannemeyeria )
    - Suborder 2. †Theriodontia (e.g., † Cynognathus , † Scymnognathus , † Bauria , † Dromatherium , † Tritylodon , † Oligokyphus )
  - Order 3. †Mesosauria (= †Proganosauria) (e.g., † Mesosaurus )

Class Aves

Class Aves [p. 509]
- Subclass 1. †Archaeornithes (e.g., † Archaeopteryx )
- Subclass 2. Neornithes
  - Superorder 1. †Odontognathae (e.g., † Hesperornis , † Ichthyornis )
  - Superorder 2. Palaeognathae [ratites] (e.g., Struthio, Rhea, Dromiceius, Casuarius, † Dinornis , † Aepyornis , Apteryx , Tinamus )
  - Superorder 3. Impennae [penguins] (e.g., Spheniscus, Aptenodytes )
  - Superorder 4. Neognathae
    - Order 1. Gaviiformes [loons] (e.g., Gavia [loon])
    - Order 2. Colymbiformes [grebes] (e.g., Colymbus [= Podiceps ] [grebe])
    - Order 3. Procellariiformes [petrels] (e.g., Fulmarus [petrel], Puffinus [shearwater], Diomedea [albatross])
    - Order 4. Pelecaniformes (e.g., Phalacrocorax [cormorant], Pelecanus [pelican], Sida [gannet])
    - Order 5. Ciconiiformes (e.g., Ciconia [stork], Ardea [heron], Phoenicopterus [flamingo])
    - Order 6. Anseriformes [ducks] (e.g., Anas [duck], Cygnus [swan])
    - Order 7. Falconiformes [hawks] (e.g., Falco [kestrel], Aquila [eagle], Buteo [buzzard], Neophron [vulture], Milvus [kite])
    - Order 8. Galliformes [game birds] (e.g., Gallus [fowl], Phasianus [pheasant], Perdix [partridge], Lagopus [grouse], Meleagris [turkey], Numida [guinea fowl], Pavo [peacock], Opisthocomus [hoatzin])
    - Order 9. Gruiformes [rails] (e.g., Fulica [coot], Gallinula [moorhen], Crex [corn-crake], Grus [crane], † Phororhacos , † Diatryma )
    - Order 10. Charadriiformes [waders and gulls] (e.g., Numenius [curlew], Capella [snipe], Calidris [sandpiper], Vanellus [lapwing], Scolopax [woodcock], Larus [gull], Uria [guillemot], Plautus [little auk])
    - Order 11. Columbiformes [pigeons] (e.g., Columba [pigeon], † Raphus [dodo])
    - Order 12. Cuculiformes [cuckoos] (e.g., Cuculus [cuckoo])
    - Order 13. Psittaciformes [parrots]
    - Order 14. Strigiformes [owls] (e.g., Athene [little owl], Tyto [farm owl], Strix [tawny owl])
    - Order 15. Caprimulgiformes [nightjars] (e.g., Caprimulgus [nightjar])
    - Order 16. Micropodiformes (e.g., Apus [swift], Trochilus [humming-bird])
    - Order 17. Coraciiformes (e.g., Merops [bee-eater], Alcedo [kingfisher])
    - Order 18. Piciformes [woodpeckers] (e.g., Picus [woodpecker])
    - Order 19. Passeriformes [perching birds] (e.g., Corvus [rook], Sturnus [starling], Fringilla [finch], Passer [house-sparrow], Alauda [lark], Anthus [pipit], Motacilla [wagtail], Certhia [tree-creeper], Parus [tit], Lanius [shrike], Sylvia [warbler], Turdus [thrush], Erithacus [British robin], Luscinia [nightingale], Prunella [hedge-sparrow], Troglodytes [wren], Hirundo [swallow])

Class Mammalia

Class Mammalia [p. 533]
- Subclass 1. Eotheria
  - Order †Docodonta (e.g., †Morganucodon, †Docodon)
  - Order incertae sedis † Diarthrognathus
- Subclass 2. Prototheria
  - Order Monotremata (e.g., Tachyglossus [= Echidna ] [spiny anteater], Zaglossus [= Proechidna ], Ornithorhynchus [platypus])
- Subclass 3. †Allotheria
  - Order †Multituberculata (e.g., † Plagiaulax , † Ptilodus )
- Subclass 4. Theria
  - Infraclass 1. †Pantotheria
    - Order 1. †Eupantotheria (e.g., † Amphitherium )
    - Order 2. †Symmetrodonta (e.g., † Spalacotherium )
  - Infraclass 2. Metatheria
    - Order Marsupialia
  - Infraclass 3. Eutheria (= Placentalia)
    - Order incertae sedis †Triconodonta (e.g., † Amphilestes , † Triconodon )

Infraclass Metatheria

Infraclass 2. Metatheria [p. 563]
- Order Marsupialia
  - Superfamily 1. Didelphoidea (e.g., † Eodelphis , Didelphis [opossum], Chironectes [water opossum])
  - Superfamily 2. †Borhyaenoidea (e.g., † Thylacosmilus , † Borhyaena )
  - Superfamily 3. Dasyuroidea (e.g., Dasyurus [native cat], Sarcophilus [Tasmanian devil], Thylacinus [Tasmanian wolf], Myrmecobius [banded ant-eater], Notoryctes [marsupial mole], Sminthopsis [pouched mouse])
  - Superfamily 4. Perameloidea (e.g., Perameles [bandicoot])
  - Superfamily 5. Caenolestoidea (e.g., † Palaeothentes [= † Epanorthus ], Caenolestes [opossum-rat])
  - Superfamily 6. Phalangeroidea (e.g., Trichosurus [Australian opossum], Petaurus [flying opossum], Phascolarctos [koala bear], Vombatus [wombat], Macropus [kangaroo], Bettongia [rat kangaroo], † Diprotodon , † Thylacoleo )

Infraclass Eutheria

Infraclass 3. Eutheria [p. 577]
- Cohort 1. Unguiculata
  - Order 1. Insectivora [p. 581]
  - Order 2. Chiroptera [p. 585]
  - Order 3. Dermoptera
  - Order 4. †Taeniodonta
  - Order 5. †Tillodontia
  - Order 6. Edentata [p. 592]
  - Order 7. Pholidota
  - Order 8. Primates [p. 602]
- Cohort 2. Glires [p. 653]
  - Order 1. Rodentia
  - Order 2. Lagomorpha
- Cohort 3. Mutica [p. 666]
  - Order Cetacea
- Cohort 4. Ferungulata
  - Superorder 1. Ferae [p. 679]
    - Order Carnivora
  - Superorder 2. Protungulata [p. 699]
    - Order 1. †Condylarthra
    - Order 2. †Notoungulata
    - Order 3. †Litopterna
    - Order 4. †Astrapotheria
    - Order 5. Tubulidentata
  - Superorder 3. Paenungulata [p. 706]
    - Order 1. Hyracoidea
    - Order 2. Proboscidea
    - Order 3. †Pantodonta
    - Order 4. †Dinocerata
    - Order 5. †Pyrotheria
    - Order 6. †Embrithopoda
    - Order 7. Sirenia
  - Superorder 4. Mesaxonia [p. 723]
    - Order Perissodactyla
  - Superorder 5. Paraxonia [p. 745]
    - Order Artiodactyla

Order Primates

Order 8. Primates [p. 602]
- Suborder 1. Prosimii
  - Infraorder 1. Lemuriformes
    - Family 1. †Plesiadapidae (e.g., † Plesiadapis )
    - Family 2. †Adapidae (e.g., † Notharctus , † Adapis )
    - Family 3. Lemuridae (e.g., † Megaladapis , Lemur [common lemur])
    - Family 4. Indridae (e.g., Indri [indris])
    - Family 5. Daubentoniidae (e.g., Daubentonia [= Cheiromys ] [aye-aye])
  - Infraorder 2. Lorisiformes
    - Family. Lorisidae (e.g., Loris [slender loris], Galago [bush baby], Perodicticus [potto])
  - Infraorder 3. Tarsiiformes
    - Family 1. †Anaptomorphidae (e.g., † Necrolemur , † Pseudoloris )
    - Family 2. Tarsiidae (e.g., Tarsius [tarsier])
- Suborder 2. Anthropoidea
  - Superfamily 1. Ceboidea [New World monkeys]
    - Family 1. Callithricidae (e.g., Callithrix [= Hapale ] [marmoset])
    - Family 2. Cebidae (e.g., † Homunculus , Cebus [capuchin], Ateles [spider monkey], Alouatta [howler monkey])
  - Superfamily 2. Cercopithecoidea
    - Family 1. †Parapithecidae (e.g., † Parapithecus )
    - Family 2. Cercopithecidae [Old World monkeys] (e.g., † Mesopithecus , Macaca [rhesus monkey, macaque], Papio [baboon], Mandrillus [mandrill], Cercopithecus [guenon], Presbytis [langur], Colobus , [guereza])
  - Superfamily 3. Hominoidea
    - Family 1. Pongidae apes (e.g., † Propliopithecus , † Pliopithecus , † Dryopithecus , † Oreopithecus † Australopithecus , † Proconsul , Hylobates gibbon, Pongo orangutan, Pan chimpanzee, Gorilla gorilla)
    - Family 2. Hominidae human (e.g., † Pithecanthropus [= † Sinanthropus ] [Java and Pekin man], Homo [human ("all living races")])

References

↑ Young, J. Z. (1962). The Life of Vertebrates . 2nd. ed. New York, Oxford University Press. Disponible at BHL.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

整站下载器网页镜像工具整站下载器网站克隆开源整站镜像工具

[1] Young, J. Z. (1962). The Life of Vertebrates . 2nd. ed. New York, Oxford University Press. Disponible at BHL.

[1]