The work is in four movements:

The first movement is in sonata form with both the first and second themes beginning in G minor. ^[2] The movement does not resolve to the major key in the recapitulation, and it has a minor-key ending.

The minuet, placed second, is a minuet in name only, as the turbulent G minor theme and heavy third-beat chords make this movement unlike a dance. The heavy third-beat chords are diminished seventh chords. Two are heard in the first section, but three are heard in the second section, with all twelve notes of the chromatic scale present in the chords just before the trio. The central trio, by contrast, is in a bright G major; unusually it is written in a 3-bar rhythm, which it picks up from the final bars of the minuet. As is typical of Classical-era minuets, the main section is repeated following the trio, ending the movement in G minor.

The third movement, in E♭ major, is slow, melancholic and wistful, furthering the despair brought forth by the previous movements. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky said of this movement: "No one has ever known as well how to interpret so exquisitely in music the sense of resigned and inconsolable sorrow."

The start of the fourth movement is not the typical quick-tempo finale, but a slow aria back in the home key of G minor. It is a dirge or lament that is even slower than the previous movement. The music remains in this dark area for a few minutes before reaching an ominous pause. At this point, Mozart launches into the ebullient G major Allegro, which creates a stark contrast between it and the movements that preceded it. Critics have often questioned how such an insouciant and carefree finale could follow after three-plus movements of intense pathos, ^[2] even though it conforms perfectly to the Classical understanding of a finale as resolving everything that preceded it. ^[3]