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State-recognized tribes in the United States

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State-recognized tribes in the United States are Native American tribes or heritage groups that do not meet the criteria for federally recognized Indian tribes but have been recognized by state government through laws, governor's executive orders, joint or concurrent resolutions by house and senate, or state commissions legally granted the power to recognize tribes for varying purposes.

Contents

Individual states confer state-recognition for various purposes. [1] State recognition confers few benefits under federal law; it is not the same as federal recognition. Members of a state-recognized tribe are still subject to state law and government, and the tribe does not have sovereign control over its affairs. Some states have provided laws related to state recognition that provide some protection of autonomy for tribes that are not recognized by the federal government. For example, in Connecticut, state law recognizing certain tribes also protects reservations and limited self-government rights for state-recognized tribes.

Non-recognized tribes is a term for "groups that have no federal designation and are not accepted as sovereign entities under U.S. law," which includes state-recognized tribes. Within this category are "federally non-recognized" tribes, which includes tribes that were previously recognized by the federal government or other governments that preceded the U.S., and tribes that no longer meet the criteria for federal recognition. [2] Other groups that identify as being Native American tribes but lack federal or state recognition are listed in the List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes.

Some federally recognized tribes, such as the Cherokee Nation, have opposed state recognition, either in the case of individual tribes or as a whole. [3] [4]

Demographics and geography

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Most state-recognized tribes are located in the Eastern United States, including the three largest state-recognized tribes in the US, the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, and the United Houma Nation of Louisiana, each of which has more than ten thousand members. [5] [6] [7]

Sources disagree on how many states have state-recognized tribes. No government agency or nonprofit organization tracks the total of state-recognized tribes in the United States. [8] In late 2007, about 16 states had recognized 62 tribes. [9] According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, only 13 states recognized tribes at the state level in 2022. [10] Likewise in 2022, the Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian reported that there were 66 state-recognized tribes among 13 states, which includes 8 tribes that are also federally recognised (7 in Virginia and 1 in New York). [11]

As of 2024, the Native Nations Institute of the University of Arizona lists 15 states as having state-recognized tribes. [12] In 2025, journalist Bill Donahue wrote in Boston's City Life that more than 100 organizations are state-recognized as tribes. [8]

State-recognition processes

State recognition can vary in meaning and impact, from granting a tribe legitimacy within the state to simply recognizing its existence as a state might recognize a business. [13] According to Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, state recognition may serve "as a means for states to acknowledge the longstanding existence of tribes within their borders and to establish a government-to-government relationship to coordinate and communicate with tribes". [14]

Processes for state-recognition of tribes include state legislation, executive orders by a state governor, joint or concurrent declaration by the house and senate, or recognition by state commissions vested with the authority to recognize tribes. [15] [16] Typically, the state legislature or state agencies involved in cultural or Native American affairs make the formal recognition by criteria they establish, often with Native American representatives, and sometimes based on federal criteria. [17] Statutes that clearly identify criteria for recognition or that explicitly recognize certain tribes remove ambiguity from their status. [9] While many organizations assert that congratulatory resolutions constitute recognition as a Native American tribe by a state, such resolutions are considered statements of opinion that lack the force of law, unlike bills. [18] [ better source needed ]

Federal law

The United States Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, gives ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the American Indian tribes to the United States federal government. Under US federal law and regulations, an American Indian tribe is a group of Native Americans with self-government authority. [19] This defines those tribes recognized by the federal government. By 2021, 574 tribes had been recognized by the federal government, often as a result of the process of treaties setting up reservations in the 19th century.

Four federal agencies have the authority to confer benefits to state-recognized tribes: the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Labor, the Department of Education, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. [20] State-recognized tribes also participate in the programs of the Small Business Administration (SBA), an independent agency of the US federal government, [21] and there is a rebuttable presumption that members of state-recognized tribes are "socially disadvantaged" for the purposes of the SBA's 8(a) Business Development program. [22]

Under the United States Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA), [23] members of certain state-recognized tribes may exhibit as identified "Native American" or "American Indian" artists. In addition to citizens of federally recognized tribes and tribally designated artisans, IACA says that members of "any Indian group that has been formally recognized as an Indian tribe by a State legislature or by a State commission or similar organization legislatively vested with State tribal recognition authority" can exhibit or sell art as a "Native American" or "American Indian" artist. [24]

The Administration for Native Americans, a program office within the Department of Health and Human Services, may confer benefits to state-recognized tribes under the Native American Programs Act (NAPA). [25] Members of state-recognized tribes are unable to access support from the Indian Health Service, and may have additional healthcare needs as a result. [26]

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) does not require the federal government or museums to consult with state-recognized tribes. State-recognized tribes may request the repatriation of cultural items or human remains only in cooperation with federally recognized tribes. [27] Other federal Indian legislation does not apply to state-recognized tribes. For example, Indian Preference in hiring [28] and the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 do not apply to these organizations. [29]

Attitudes

Some federally-recognized tribes object to state recognition. [30] [4] Journalists Adam Elmahrek and Paul Pringle wrote, "Many Native Americans have long opposed allowing states to recognize tribes, arguing that the federal government should make the decision because states often fail to properly screen groups." [3] The Cherokee Nation opposes state-recognized tribes, as well as Cherokee heritage groups and others with no documented descent who claim Cherokee identity. [4]

August Joseph Darbonne suggests that state-recognized tribes are underrepresented in research and have been "accused of claiming fraudulent Native American identity to gain access to state benefits and programs". He also says that the "limited representation of state-recognized tribes contributes to negative stereotypes against Native Americans". [30] In an address to the Alliance for Colonial Era Tribes, Professor Patty Ferguson Bohnee and Blair Tarman argued that tribal sovereignty should not be tied to federal recognition, since this is based on the needs of colonial rather than tribal governments, and undermines the inherent rights of all tribes. [31]

List of state-recognized tribes

The following is a list of tribes recognized by various states but not by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes originally recognized by states that have since gained federal recognition have been deleted from the list below. The list does include state-recognized tribes that have petitioned for federal recognition.

Alabama

By the Davis-Strong Act of 1984, the state established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission to acknowledge and represent Native American citizens in the state. At that time, it recognized seven tribes that did not have federal recognition. The commission members, representatives of the tribes, have created rules for tribal recognition, which were last updated in 2003, under which three more tribes have been recognized. [32]

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Georgia established a liaison, the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns, in 2001, under the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, State Parks and Historic Sites Division. [42] [43] In 2007, the state legislature formally recognized the following as American Indian tribes of Georgia: [44]

Louisiana

The Louisiana Office of Indian Affairs oversees state–tribal relations. [46] They maintain a list of federally and state-recognized tribes headquartered in Louisiana. [47]

  1. Addai Caddo Tribe , [10] also Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana, Robeline, LA. [47] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1993. [48] Letter of Intent to Petition 09/13/1993. [34] Also Adais Caddo Indians, Inc.
  2. Bayou Lafourche Band of Biloxi-Chitimache Confederation of Muskogees, [47] also Biloxi-Chitimacha Confederation of Muskogee, [10] Denham Springs, LA. Separated from United Houma Nation, Inc. Letter of Intent to Petition 10/24/1995. [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2005. [48]
  3. Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb , [10] [33] also the Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb, Zwolle, LA. [47] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1978. [48] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/02/1978. [34]
  4. Clifton-Choctaw, [10] also the Clifton Choctaw Tribe of Louisiana, Clinton, LA. [47] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1978. [48] Letter of Intent to Petition 03/22/1978. [34] Also known as Clifton Choctaw Reservation Inc.
  5. Four Winds Tribe, Louisiana Cherokee Confederacy, [10] also the Four Winds Cherokees, Oakdale, LA. [47] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1997. [10] [48]
  6. Grand Caillou/Dulac Band, [10] also the Grand Caillou/Dulac Band of Biloxi Chitimacha Choctaw, Chauvin, LA. [47]
  7. Isle de Jean Charles Band, [10] also the Jean Charles Choctaw Nation, Montegut, LA [47]
  8. Louisiana Choctaw Tribe, [10] as the Louisiana Band of Choctaw, Ferriday, LA [47]
  9. Natchitoches Tribe of Louisiana, Campti, LA [47] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2017 Regular Session, HR227.
  10. Pointe-au-Chien Tribe , [10] also Pointe-au-Chien Indian Tribe, Montegut, LA. [47] Separated from United Houma Nation, Inc. Letter of Intent to Petition 7/22/1996. [10] [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2004. [48]
  11. United Houma Nation . [10] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1972. [48] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/10/1979; Proposed Finding 12/22/1994, 59 FR 6618. [34] Denied federal recognition. [49]

Maryland

On January 9, 2012, for the first time the state-recognized two American Indian tribes under a process developed by the General Assembly; these were both Piscataway groups, [50] historically part of the large Algonquian languages family along the Atlantic Coast. The Governor announced it to the Assembly by executive order. [50] [51]

  1. Accohannock Indian Tribe . Governor Larry Hogan formally recognized this group on December 19, 2017, [52] through Executive Order 01.01.2017.31. [53]
  2. Piscataway-Conoy Tribe . [10] It includes the following two sub-groups:
    1. Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Sub-Tribes [50]
    2. Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians [50]
3. Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory . [10]

Massachusetts

The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs was created by a legislative act of the General Court of Massachusetts in 1974, to advise the Commonwealth on how best to establish positive relationships with its Indigenous Tribes. [54] [55]

In 1976, Governor Michael Dukakis issued Executive Order 126, which clarified the responsibilities of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and identified three historic and continuous tribes in the Commonwealth: the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc. [56] The Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head and the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe [57] have federal recognition as of 1987 and 2007, respectively. [58] [59]

On November 19, 2024, Governor Maura Healey issued Executive Order No. 637, which recognized the Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe alongside the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc Tribe. The order also recognized Tribal Council of the Herring Pond as its governing body, all in accordance with Dukakis' Executive Order No. 126, for all relevant purposes. [60] [61] [62]

The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs lacks the authority to recognize any group, as recognition is beyond the scope of the duties of the commission outlined in Executive Order 126 [56] and in the administration of the Massachusetts government. [63] The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs announced in August 2023 that it would be establishing a process for state recognition to ensure protections for Native artisans under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. [64]

Mississippi

The state of Mississippi has offered congratulatory resolutions to unrecognized organizations identifying as Native American descendants, such as the MS HR50 in which the legislators "commend and congratulate" Vancleave Live Oak Choctaw Tribe for recognition; [67] however, no laws outline formal state-recognition for this or any other group by the State of Mississippi.

Mississippi has no office to manage Indian affairs [68] and no state-recognized tribes. [10] [12]

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

  1. Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc. [72] Letter of Intent to Petition 3/13/1981. [34]
  2. Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe . [10] [33] [72] Letter of Intent to Petition 1/27/1979. [34] Notified of "obvious deficiencies" in federal recognition application [73]
  3. Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina . [33] Letter of Intent to Petition 01/07/1980; determined ineligible to petition (SOL opinion of 10/23/1989). [34] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition. [74]
  4. Meherrin Nation . [10] [72] State-recognized 1987. [34]
  5. Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation . [72] Letter of Intent to Petition 01/06/1995. [34]
  6. Sappony (formerly known as Indians of Person County, North Carolina). [72] [73]
  7. Waccamaw-Siouan Tribe . [33] [72] Letter of Intent to Petition 06/27/1983; determined ineligible to petition (SOL opinion of 10/23/1989). [34] Letter of Intent to Petition 10/16/1992; determined eligible to petition (SOL letter of 6/29/1995). [34] Also known as Waccamaw Siouan Development Association .

Ohio

Ohio has no office to manage Indian affairs [68] and no state-recognized tribes. [10]

In 1979 and 1980, the Ohio state legislature held hearings about state recognition of the United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation of Bellefontaine Ohio. [75] The band filed historical and genealogical documents with the state to support their claim of descent from the historical Shawnee.The Ohio General Assembly held hearings and heard testimony from numerous groups. [76] In 1980, the 113th Ohio General Assembly passed a "Joint Resolution to recognize the Shawnee Nation United Remnant Band", as adopted by the Ohio Senate, 113th General Assembly, Regular Session, Am. Sub. H.J.R. No. 8, 1979–1980. [77] This is a congratulatory resolution, and Ohio attorney general's office spokesperson Leo Jennings said: "The resolution has no force of law in the state Ohio.… It was basically a ceremonial resolution." [77]

South Carolina

South Carolina recognizes three entities: "state-recognized tribes", "state-recognized groups", and "special interest organizations." [78] [79] As of 2025, South Carolina recognizes ten tribes that are not recognized by the federal government. [79]

The South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs' Native American Affairs Division also has recognized "state-recognized groups" and "special interest organizations" but these are not the same as the state-recognized tribes. In 2018, South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster signed legislation that stops the state from recognizing any additional Native American "groups." [84] As of 2023, South Carolina recognizes three "state-recognized groups" and one "special interest organization." [79] They are: Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People; [85] Natchez Tribe of South Carolina; [86] and the Pee Dee Indian Nation of Beaver Creek. [86] The special interest organization is the Pine Hill Indian Community Development Initiative. [79] [87]

Texas

From 1965 until its abolition in 1989, Texas maintained the Texas Indian Commission as the state office responsible for relations with the Alabama‑Coushatta, Tigua, and Kickapoo tribes. [88] [89] [90] After the commission was abolished on 1 September 1989, Texas did not create a replacement Indian‑affairs agency or a codified administrative procedure for state recognition of additional tribes. [91] [92]

In the absence of a standing commission, Texas has issued resolutions to congratulate certain tribal entities but these have stopped short of recognizing them as sovereign governments. [93] In practice, Texas has relied on legislative and executive practice to identify certain Native communities as state‑recognized tribal entities for various purposes, such as consultation, education and program-planning. [94] [95] [96] For example, the State of Texas 2022–2025 STOP Violence Against Women Act Implementation Plan, issued by the Office of the Governor, refers to the Lipan Apache and the Texas Band of Yaqui Indians as "state recognized" tribes, stating that the latter "became a state recognized tribe in 2015". [95] A 2024–2025 consultation summary by the U.S. Department of the Interior regarding the Safeguard Tribal Objects of Patrimony (STOP) Act also describes the Texas Band of Yaqui Indians as a "state‑recognized" tribe, while Texas Tech University refers to both as state‑recognized. [96] [97]

Several bills to establish or formalize state‑recognized tribes in Texas, including measures concerning the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas and Tap Pilam Coahuiltecan Nation, have been introduced but not enacted. [98] [99] [100] A bill recognizing the Texas Band of Yacqui Indians has currently cleared the House and passed to the Senate for reading. [101]

Vermont

As of May 3, 2006, Vermont law 1 V.S.A §§ 851–853 recognizes Abenakis as Native American Indians, not the tribes or bands. However, on April 22, 2011, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin signed legislative bills officially recognizing two Abenaki Bands. The four Abenaki state-recognized tribes are also known as the "Abenaki Alliance".

On May 7, 2012, Governor Shumlim signed legislative bills officially recognizing two more Abenaki Bands:

Virginia

Virginia has an office to manage Indian affairs: the Virginia Council on Indians. It is composed of 13 members - eight from Virginia tribes officially recognized by the Commonwealth, two members at-large from Indian population in Virginia, one from House of Delegates, one from Senate, and one from Commonwealth at-large. [68]

Virginia has the following state-recognized tribes:

Washington

Washington has not formally recognized any tribes by statute. [12] However, the state or preceding territorial government has been a party to treaties involving a number of tribes that are not federally recognized.[ citation needed ]

See also

United States
Canada
Related

Notes

  1. ↑ "American Indians and Alaska Natives - What are State Recognized Tribes?". Administration for Native Americans. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Hurst, Nicole. "Bureau of Indian Affairs: Terminology and Language". Bureau of Indian Affairs: Collection Information. Utah State University Libraries. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 Elmahrek, Adam; Pringle, Paul (31 December 2019). "Two tribes aren't recognized federally. Yet members won $500 million in minority contracts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "What is a real Indian Nation? What is a fake tribe?". Cherokee Nation. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  5. ↑ Greer, Caroline (October 26, 2020). "Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 10 January 2025. There are more than 32,000 members across the state ...
  6. ↑ Williams, Jade; Wetzel, Addie. "The Lost Bayou: The United Houma Nation". GradeVoirCi. Retrieved 10 January 2025. The six parishes where most of the 19,000-member tribe now lives line the Gulf of Mexico...
  7. ↑ Cassie, Ron (October 2022). "Thousands of Lumbee Indians migrated to Upper Fells Point after World War II. Decades later, members of the tribe are claiming their history". Baltimore Magazine. Retrieved 10 January 2025. The Lumbees are the largest tribe east of the Mississippi and the ninth largest in the country, with 55,000 members.
  8. 1 2 Donahue, Bill (13 July 2025). "Blood Feuds: The Fight Over Who Gets to Be Native American". City Life. Boston Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
  9. 1 2 Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States", Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 48, November 2007
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  11. ↑ Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian (PDF) (28th ed.). Delray Beach, Florida: Todd Publications. 2022. pp. 89–90. ISBN   978-0-873400-626 . Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  12. 1 2 3 "Governance Under State Recognition". Native Nations Institute. University of Arizona. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  13. ↑ In the absences—state recognition of American Indian nations and U.S. racial and legal consciousnesses (PhD thesis). Riall, Rebecca L.   Indiana University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  2014. 3611166.
  14. ↑ "Governance Under State Recognition | Native Nations Institute". nni.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2026-02-12.
  15. ↑ Koenig, Alexa; Stein, Jonathan (2008-01-01). "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States". Santa Clara Law Review. 48 (1): 103–8. ISSN   0146-0315. We have categorized states' widely varying approaches to recognition into four groups: 1) State Law; 2) Administrative; 3) Legislative; and 4) Executive.
  16. ↑ Street, James (2023-01-25). "Federal Recognition of Native American Tribes in the United States and the International Right to Self-Determination: Why Congress Should Exercise Its Constitutional Authority to Federally Recognize the Lumbee Tribe". Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law. 33 (1): 121–149. ISSN   1053-6736. There are four main methods of obtaining state recognition: state law recognition, administrative recognition, legislative recognition, and executive recognition.
  17. ↑ Sheffield (1998), p. 63
  18. ↑ "Bills and Resolutions". Governmental Relations. University of Houston System. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  19. ↑ 25 CFR 290.2, "Definitions"
  20. ↑ "State Recognition of American Indian Tribes". University of Arizona . Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Small Business Administration Tribal Consultation Policy 2022" (PDF). Native Law Group. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
  22. ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations". National Archives . Retrieved 2025-06-07.
  23. ↑ "The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990". Indian Arts and Crafts Board. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  24. ↑ "Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990". Indian Arts and Crafts Board. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  25. ↑ "American Indians and Alaska Natives - What are State Recognized Tribes?". Administration for Native Americans. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  26. ↑ Liddell, Jessica L.; Lilly, Jenn M. (30 June 2022). ""There's so much they don't cover:" Limitations of healthcare coverage for Indigenous women in a non-federally recognized tribe". SSM - Qualitative Research in Health. 2 (100134): 18. doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100134. PMC   11104764 . PMID   38770182.
  27. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service . Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  28. ↑ "Indian Preference". Bureau of Indian Affairs . Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  29. ↑ "ICWA Doesn't Apply to My Child Welfare Case. What Other Help Can I Get?" (PDF). National Indian Child Welfare Association. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  30. 1 2 Darbonne, August (2024-05-01). "Representations of State-Recognized Tribes: A Content Analysis of Social Studies Standards (PhD Thesis)". Xavier University of Louisiana – Electronic Theses and Dissertations: 7–9 – via XULA Digital Commons.
  31. ↑ Ferguson Bohnee, Prof Patty; Tarman, Blair (10 March 2021). "De-colonizing the Mindset" (PDF). Arizona State University - Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law . pp. 2, 20. Retrieved 12 February 2026. The modern concept of federal acknowledgement inadvertently perpetuates colonial policies by allowing the government to define the scope of a tribe's sovereignty. It operates as a threshold inquiry and places non-BIA listed tribes at the mercy of a government that formalized definitions with the primary goal of eliminating tribal authority all together.
  32. 1 2 Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. "Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama". Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tribal Directory: Southeast". National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 LIST OF PETITIONERS BY STATE (as of July 31, 2012) (Accessible as of January 15, 2013 here)
  35. 1 2 Sheffield (1998) p64
  36. 1 2 Connecticut Law on Indian Tribes (2007-R-0475). Christopher Reinhart, Senior Attorney, on behalf of State of Connecticut General Assembly (Accessible as of July 15, 2014 here).
  37. ↑ Christopher Reinhart (2002-02-07). "Effect of State Recognition of an Indian Tribe". State of Connecticut. Retrieved 2010-08-06. Connecticut statutes recognize five tribes: (1) Golden Hill Paugussett, (2) Mashantucket Pequot, (3) Mohegan, (4) Eastern Pequot, and (5) Schaghticoke tribe.
  38. ↑ "CGS § 47-59a Connecticut Indians; citizenship, civil rights, land rights". State of Connecticut. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
  39. ↑ Bureau of Indian Affairs (2004-06-21). "Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgement of the Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe". Federal Register. United States. pp. 34388–34393. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  40. 1 2 3 "Tribal Directory". National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  41. ↑ Sheffield (1998): 66
  42. ↑ "Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns". Georgia.gov. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  43. ↑ "Welcome to Georgia Indian Council | Georgia Indian Council". georgiaindiancouncil.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  44. ↑ O.C.G.A. § 44-12-300 (2007) Title 44, Chapter 12, Article 7, Part 3 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated Archived 2004-09-19 at the Wayback Machine , Georgia Legislature. Quote: The State of Georgia "officially recognizes as legitimate American Indian tribes of Georgia the following tribes, bands, groups, or communities" for state purposes
  45. ↑ Sheffield (1998) p67
  46. ↑ "Indian Affairs". Louisiana Office of the Governor. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Federal and State-Tribal Contact Information" (PDF). Louisiana Governor's Office of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Louisiana Governor's Office of Indian Affairs" Retrieved on 4/8/2008 Archived 2008-10-13 at the Wayback Machine .
  49. ↑ Sheffield (1998): 67
  50. 1 2 3 4 Witte, Brian. "Md. Formally Recognizes 2 American Indian Groups.", NBC Washington, 9 Jan 2011, Retrieved 10 Jan 2011
  51. ↑ Executive Orders 01.01.2012.01 and 01.01.2012.02 "Recognition of tribes in the state", Governor's Office
  52. ↑ "Accohannock Indian Tribe v. Tyler". CaseText. 14 December 2021. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022.
  53. ↑ "Native Americans". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  54. ↑ name=section8A> "Section 8A: Commission on Indian affairs; membership; functions". Administration of the Government. The 193rd General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  55. ↑ Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 6A, § 8A.
  56. 1 2 "No. 126: Massachusetts Native Americans | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  57. ↑ "Northeast". Tribal Directory. National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  58. ↑ Swimmer, R. (1987). Final determination for federal acknowledgment of the Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc., FR Doc. 87-2877. US Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
  59. ↑ Carson, J., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Summary under the criteria of evidence for final determination of federal recognition of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. Archived 2012-09-21 at the Wayback Machine . (71 FR 17488). U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
  60. 1 2 "Governor Healey Signs Executive Order Granting State Recognition to Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. November 19, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  61. ↑ Cole, Katie (2024-11-20). "Healey grants Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe state recognition". www.wbur.org. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  62. ↑ "By Her Excellency Maura T. Healey Governor Executive Order No. 637". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. November 19, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  63. ↑ "Section 8A: Commission on Indian affairs; membership; functions". Administration of the Government. The 193rd General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  64. ↑ "Minutes of the Virtual Meeting of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs, August 9, 2023". mass.gov.
  65. 1 2 "Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation". Federal Register. Indian Affairs Bureau. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  66. ↑ "Indian Affairs | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
  67. ↑ "MS HR50, 2016". LegiScan. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  68. 1 2 3 "State Committees and Commissions on Indian Affairs". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  69. 1 2 3 Indian Country Today March 27, 2019
  70. ↑ "Tribal Directory: Northeast". National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  71. ↑ "Unkechaug Indian Nation" . Retrieved 14 August 2025.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 North Carolina Department of Administration (February 2007). "North Carolina American Indian Tribes and Organizations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2005-07-28.
  73. 1 2 Sheffield (1998) p68-70
  74. ↑ "Virginia tribes take another step on road to federal recognition" Archived 2009-10-26 at archive.today in Richmond Times-Dispatch, 28 October 2009.
  75. ↑ Filby, Max; King, Danae (9 October 2023). "What does it mean to be a Native American tribe? In Ohio, the answer is complicated". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024. She now considers herself to be a tribal elder with the East of the River Shawnee, a non-federally recognized group that broke off from the United Remnant Band of Shawnee years ago.
  76. ↑ "American Indians in Ohio", Ohio Memory: An Online Scrapbook of Ohio History. The Ohio Historical Society, retrieved October 10, 2006[ dead link ]
  77. 1 2 Lazarus, David. "Tribal question a matter of dollars", Los Angeles Times, 2 November 2007, accessed 11 January 2014
  78. ↑ "South Carolina's Recognized Native American entities". South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "South Carolina's Recognized Native American Indian Entities". South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. Retrieved 21 October 2025.
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. "SC tribes and groups" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-02.
  81. 1 2 South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission. "Members". Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
  82. 1 2 3 South Carolina Indigenous Gallery. "Visitors Center". Archived from the original on 2007-09-02.
  83. ↑ "List of Petitioners by State (as of 11/12/2013)" (PDF).
  84. ↑ Johnson, Chloe (20 May 2018). "South Carolina's Native American tribes aim to protect their legacy with new legislation". Post and Courier. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  85. ↑ "S.C. recognizes Chickasaw tribe". Spartanburg Herald Journal. goupstate.com. 11 June 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  86. 1 2 Gleaton, Sonja (7 March 2007). "The Great Spirit... NEVER FORGETS State recognizes Natchez Tribe of South Carolina, Pee Dee Indian Nation of Beaver Creek". The Times and Democrat. Vol. 126, no. 71. Newspapers.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  87. ↑ Zaleski, Gene (27 January 2020). "Pine Hill Indian Tribe gets state sanction for community development organization". The Times and Democrat. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  88. ↑ "Texas Indian Commission". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  89. ↑ "An Inventory of Indian Commission Records at the Texas State Archives". Texas Archival Resources Online. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  90. ↑ Association, Texas State Historical. "History of the Texas Indian Commission: Establishment and Evolution". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2026-02-11.
  91. ↑ "Sunset Staff Evaluation of the Texas Indian Commission" (PDF). Texas Sunset Advisory Commission. 1989. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  92. ↑ Reed, J. Eric (November 2025). "The Status of Texas Indigenous Groups". Texas Bar Journal. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  93. ↑ Brewer, Graham Lee (27 October 2021). "In Texas, a group claiming to be Cherokee faces questions about authenticity". NBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  94. ↑ "84th Legislature, Senate Resolution No. 989 (Enrolled)". Texas Legislature Online. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  95. 1 2 "STOP Violence Against Women Act Program Implementation Plan for the State of Texas 2022–2025" (PDF). Office of the Governor, Public Safety Office. 2 March 2022. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 1 February 2026. Lipan Apache – The Lipan Apache are a "state recognized" tribe…. Yaqui – The Texas Band of Yaqui Indians are headquartered in Lubbock… and became a state recognized tribe in 2015.
  96. 1 2 "Summary of Consultation Comments: STOP Act Proposed Rule" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. 14 January 2025. p. 8. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  97. ↑ "Yaqui – History of the American Indian Tribes of Texas" (PDF). Studies Weekly, Texas Edition. Texas Tech University Research. February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
  98. ↑ "Texas Senate Bill 231". LegiScan. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  99. ↑ "Texas Senate Bill 1479". LegiScan. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  100. ↑ "Texas House Bill 2005". LegiScan. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  101. ↑ "Texas House Bill 4732". LegisScan. Retrieved 2 February 2026.
  102. 1 2 Vermonters Concerned on Native American Affairs. "Tribal Sites VT" . Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  103. ↑ "Petitioner #068: St. Francis/Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont, VT". Indian Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior. October 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  104. ↑ Receipt of Petitions for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe (68 FR 13724)
  105. 1 2 Virginia Council on Indians. "Virginia Tribes". Archived from the original on 2003-08-10.

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