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Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani,alternatively spelled Dhaher el-Omar or Dahir al-Umar,was an Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century,while the region was part of the Ottoman Empire. For much of his reign,starting in the 1730s,his domain mainly consisted of the Galilee,with successive headquarters in Tiberias,Deir Hanna and finally Acre,in 1750. He fortified Acre,and the city became the center of the cotton trade between Palestine and Europe. In the mid-1760s,he reestablished the port town of Haifa nearby.
Deir Hanna is a local council in the Northern District of Israel,located on the hills of the Lower Galilee,23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Acre. In 2022 it had a population of 10,747. Approximately 90% of Deir Hanna's inhabitants are Arab Muslims and the remaining 10% are Arab Christians.
Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar was the Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from 1776 until his death in 1804 and the simultaneous governor of Damascus Eyalet in 1785–1786,1790–1795,1798–1799,and 1803–1804. Having left his native Bosnia as a youth,he began a military career in Egypt in the service of mamluk officials,eventually becoming a chief enforcer and assassin for Ali Bey al-Kabir,Egypt's practical ruler. He gained the epithet of al-Jazzar for his deadly ambush on a group of Bedouin tribesmen in retaliation for the death of his first master in a Bedouin raid. Al-Jazzar fell out with Ali Bey in 1768 after refusing to take part in the assassination of another of his former masters. He ultimately fled to Syria,where he was tasked by the Ottomans with defending Beirut from a joint assault by the Russian Navy and Zahir al-Umar,the Acre-based ruler of northern Palestine. He eventually surrendered and entered Zahir's service before defecting from him and fleeing with stolen tax money.
Haim Farhi,was a Jewish adviser to the governors of the Galilee in the days of the Ottoman Empire,until his assassination in 1820.
Bi'ina or al-Bi'na is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel. It is located east of Akko. In 2003,Bi'ina merged with Majd al-Krum and Deir al-Asad to form the city of Shaghur,but was reinstated as a local council in 2008 after Shaghur was dissolved. Bi'ina has a mostly Muslim population (92%) with a small Christian minority (8%);in 2022 its population was 8,629.
Sulayman Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Sidon Eyalet (1727–33),Damascus Eyalet,and Egypt Eyalet (1739–40) under the Ottoman Empire. He belonged to the prominent Al-Azm family and was the uncle of As'ad Pasha al-Azm,who succeeded him as governor of Damascus,and Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm,who also served as governor of Egypt.
The Tuqan clan is a prominent Palestinian and Jordanian political and business family. During the Ottoman era,they dominated the political and socio-economic spheres in Nablus and extended their influence to al-Salt. During that era,they were the only household that came close to establishing centralized rule over Jabal Nablus. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries the Tuqan family held the title of mutasallim of Nablus longer than any other local family.
Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,was the Ottoman governor (wali) of Damascus Eyalet between 1760 and 1771.
Al-Zayadina were an Arab clan based in the Galilee. They were best known after one of their sheikhs Zahir al-Umar,who,through his tax farms,economic monopolies,popular support,and military strength ruled a semi-autonomous sheikhdom in northern Palestine and adjacent regions in the 18th century.
Nasif ibn al-Nassar al-Wa'ili was the most powerful sheikh of the rural Shia Muslim (Matawilah) tribes of Jabal Amil in the mid-18th century. He was based in the town of Tebnine and was head of the Ali al-Saghir clan. Under his leadership,the Jabal Amil prospered,due largely to the revenues from dyed cotton cloth exports to European merchants.
Yusuf Shihab (1748–1790) was the autonomous emir of Mount Lebanon between 1770 and 1789. He was the fifth consecutive member of the Shihab dynasty to govern Mount Lebanon.
Husayn Pasha ibn Makki served as the Ottoman wali of Damascus (1757) and Marash (1762),and the sanjak-bey of his native Gaza (1763–1765).
In the Battle of Lake Huleh on 2 September 1771,the rebel forces of Zahir al-Umar and Nasif al-Nassar routed the army of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,the Ottoman governor of Damascus,at Lake Huleh in the eastern Galilee. Most of Uthman Pasha's 10,000-40,000 strong army drowned in the Jordan River as they attempted to flee Zahir's forces commanded by his son Ali al-Zahir. According to historian William Harris,the battle has been "mythologized in local historiography and poetry". Nonetheless,no official account of the battle by the Ottomans was recorded.
Umar al-Zaydani was the multazem of Safad and Tiberias,and surrounding villages,between 1697 and 1706 and the sanjak-bey of Safad between 1701 and 1706. He was appointed by the governor of Sidon,Arslan Mehmed Pasha,the sanjak-bey of Safad. Umar belonged to the Zayadina,an Arab clan that was part of the same Qaisi confederation as the semi-autonomous Shihab emirs (princes) of Mount Lebanon. Following Emir Mansour's death,Umar succeeded him as sanjak-bey. Umar was the father of Zahir al-Umar.
The 1757 Hajj caravan raid was the plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan of 1757 on its return to Damascus from Mecca by Bedouin tribesmen. The caravan was under the protection of an Ottoman force led by the Wali of Damascus,Husayn Pasha,and his deputy Musa Pasha,while the Bedouin were led by Qa'dan al-Fayez of the Bani Sakher tribe. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed or died of hunger or thirst as a result of the raid.
Safed Sanjak was a sanjak (district) of Damascus Eyalet in 1517–1660,after which it became part of the Sidon Eyalet. The sanjak was centered in Safed and spanned the Galilee,Jabal Amil and the coastal cities of Acre and Tyre. The city of Safed was made up of Muslim and Jewish townspeople. At the same time the rest of the sanjak was populated by Sunni Muslims,Jewish peasants,Bedouin tribesmen,Shia Muslims/Mitwali,and Druze peasants.
Mansur Shihab was the Emir of Mount Lebanon between 1754 and 1770. He and his brother Ahmad took the reins of power from their ailing brother Mulhim Shihab and ruled jointly until Mansur became the sole emir after winning a power struggle with Ahmad in 1763. Mansur aligned himself with Zahir al-Umar and Ali Bey,the autonomous rulers of Galilee and Egypt,respectively,in their rebellion against the Ottomans. Mansur was subsequently forced by the Druze sheikhs of Mount Lebanon to step down in favor his nephew Yusuf Shihab after Zahir and Ali Bey were defeated in 1770.
Darwish Pasha al-Kurji was an Ottoman statesman who served as wali (governor) of Sidon in 1770–1771 and Damascus in 1783–1784. He was the son of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,who was of Georgian origin.
El-Assaad or Al As'ad is an Arab feudal political family who originated from Najd and is a main branch of the Anizah tribe. Unrelated to Syrian or Palestinian al-Assads,the El-Assaad dynasty that ruled most of South Lebanon for three centuries and whose lineage defended the local people of the Jabal Amel principality –today southern Lebanon –for 36 generations,they also held influence in Balqa in Jordan,Nablus in Palestine,and Homs in Syria during Ottomans rule.
The sieges of Tiberias occurred in late 1742 and the summer of 1743 when the Ottoman governor of Damascus,Sulayman Pasha al-Azm,twice attempted and failed to eliminate the increasingly powerful,Tiberias-based multazim,Zahir al-Umar,and destroy his fortifications.