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Northern Trains

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Northern
Northern Trains.svg
Northern Trains class 323.jpg
A Northern Class 323 train at Kearsley in 2025
Overview
FranchiseNorthern
Main regions
Other regions
Fleet
Stations called at500+ [1]
Parent company DfT Operator
Headquarters York [2]
Reporting mark NT [3]
Dates of operation1 March 2020 (2020-03-01) –present
Predecessor Arriva Rail North
Other
Website www.northernrailway.co.uk OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Route map
Northern Trains network.svg

Northern Trains Limited, [4] trading as Northern, is a British train operating company that operates local services and medium-distance inter-city routes in the North of England. It is owned by DfT Operator for the Department for Transport (DfT), after the previous operator Arriva Rail North had its franchise terminated at the end of February 2020; this was amid widespread dissatisfaction over its performance, particularly in respect of poorly implemented timetable changes.

Contents

The company commenced operating the Northern franchise on 1 March 2020; the DfT had opted to hand the operation of the franchise over to the operator of last resort. At the commencement of operations, Northern publicly stated that its immediate aims were to improve service reliability and to proceed with the introduction of new rolling stock. For the latter, both the Class 195 diesel multiple units and Class 331 electric multiple units were brought into service fully during December 2020.

Services have been disrupted by wider events, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic. Northern was also affected by the 2022–2024 United Kingdom railway strikes, the largest national rail strikes in the UK in three decades. Although strikes stopped in 2024, the franchise has been affected by rest day working restrictions that have continued to regularly affect Sunday services into 2025. [5]

Long-term changes will include procurement of up to 386 new trains totalling 896 carriages, with planned introduction in 2030 in two phases with a further phase to be developed. These new trains will replace most of the current fleet including all ageing Sprinter trains, Class 323 and Class 333 units. The company will benefit from streamlined fleets to reduce both training and maintenance requirements, allowing for operational improvements as well as reduced carbon emissions. [6]

History

Background

In December 2015, the Department for Transport (DfT) awarded Arriva a contract to operate the Northern franchise as Arriva Rail North. It commenced in April 2016 and was originally scheduled to run until March 2025. [7] [8] Within two years, the franchise was being widely criticised, in particular for troubled implementation of a new timetable in May 2018 that resulted in widespread delays and cancellations. [9] [10] Later in 2018, performance continued to suffer, with many passengers protesting and a reduced service on Saturdays due to industrial action. [11] [12] [13] [14] By November 2018, Arriva were re-evaluating their future involvement in the franchise due to a combination of declining passenger numbers as a result of the chaotic May 2018 timetable change and increasing compensation claims as a result of falling punctuality. [15]

In June 2019, the DfT's operator of last resort, DfT OLR Holdings (later renamed DfT Operator), conducted due diligence into the franchise believing both the operational and financial performance to be "unsustainable". [16] In October 2019, the Secretary of State for Transport, Grant Shapps, issued a request for proposals to incumbent operator Arriva and the operator of last resort, which would result in termination of the franchise with either Arriva to be awarded a short-term management contract or the operator of last resort to take over. [17] In January 2020, Shapps publicly criticised Arriva's operation of the Northern franchise and suggested that the Government may step in to revoke its franchise agreement, bluntly referring to the service as "completely unacceptable". [18]

On 29 January 2020, the DfT announced its decision to terminate Arriva Rail North as operator of the franchise, to be taken over by the DfT's operator of last resort. [19] [20] [21] This was the first time that a franchise has been removed from a train operating company due to poor performance since Connex South Eastern in 2003. On 1 March 2020, the franchise became directly operated by DfT OLR Holdings with the stated objective to "stabilise performance and restore reliability for passengers". [22] [23]

Changes and events

By mid-2020, Northern had considerably curtailed its services in response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid the COVID-19 pandemic. [24] [25] From 15 June 2020, both passengers and staff on public transport in England, including Northern services, were required to wear face coverings while travelling, and that anyone failing to do so would be liable to be refused travel or fined. [26] [27]

In 2021, Northern was given a contract by the DfT to run services for three years, with an optional extension of a further two years. [28] The contract was updated in 2022, to run until 1 March 2025. [29]

Northern is one of several train operators affected by the 2022–2024 United Kingdom railway strikes, which were the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades. [30] Its workers are amongst those who voted to take industrial action due to a dispute over pay and working conditions. [31] Northern urged the travelling public to avoid travelling on its services on any of the planned dates for the strikes, being only capable of operating a minimal timetable due to the number of staff involved. [32] [33]

Services

Northern took over all the services operated by Arriva Rail North on 1 March 2020.

Table of off-peak services

Below is a simplified list of frequent Monday to Saturday off-peak services, as of December 2025 timetables: [34]

North East

Northumberland Line and East Coast Main Line
RoutetphCalling at
Newcastle – Ashington 2
Newcastle – Morpeth 1
Newcastle – Darlington –
  • 2 trains per day northbound and 1 train per day southbound
Tyne Valley and Durham Coast Lines
RoutetphCalling at
Carlisle – Newcastle 1
Hexham – Newcastle1
Carlisle – Middlesbrough 1
Newcastle – Nunthorpe 1
Esk Valley Line
Middlesbrough – Whitby 6 tpd
Tees Valley Line
RoutetphCalling at
Saltburn – Darlington1
Saltburn – Bishop Auckland 1

North West

Furness, Windermere and Cumbrian Coast Lines
RoutetphCalling at
Manchester Airport – Barrow-in-Furness 1
  • 4 trains per day each run as Manchester Airport to Windermere, and Lancaster to Carlisle, services instead.
Barrow-in-Furness – Carlisle 1
  • 4 trains per day run as Lancaster to Carlisle services
  • 5 trains per day also call at Nethertown & Braystones
Oxenholme Lake District – Windermere 1
  • 4 trains per day run as Manchester Airport to Windermere services
Morecambe branch line
RoutetphCalling at
Lancaster – Morecambe 1 Bare Lane
  • Hourly service supplemented/modified by additional trains from Leeds.
  • 1 train per day extends to Heysham Port.
Liverpool–Wigan and Blackpool branch lines
RoutetphCalling at
Liverpool Lime Street – Wigan North Western 2
Liverpool Lime Street – Blackpool North 1
Manchester Airport – Blackpool North2
  • Trains either serve Heald Green, Blackrod and Adlington, or Layton.
Preston – Blackpool South 1
East Lancashire and Ormskirk branch lines
RoutetphCalling at
Preston – Colne 1
Ormskirk – Preston1
Liverpool–Manchester lines
RoutetphCalling at
Liverpool Lime Street – Manchester Oxford Road1
  • Most trains either call at Glazebrook and Chassen Road or Humphrey Park and Trafford Park.
Liverpool Lime Street – Warrington Central1
Liverpool Lime Street – Manchester Airport1
Ellesmere Port – Helsby 2 tpd
Crewe-Manchester, Mid-Cheshire, Stafford–Manchester and Buxton lines
RoutetphCalling at
Manchester Piccadilly – Crewe 1
1
Manchester Piccadilly – Alderley Edge1
  • Levenshulme
  • Heaton Chapel
  • Stockport
  • Cheadle Hulme
  • Handforth
  • Wilmslow
Manchester Piccadilly – Chester 1
Manchester Piccadilly – Stoke-on-Trent 1
Manchester Piccadilly – Buxton 1
  • Services either call at Middlewood or Dove Holes.
Manchester Piccadilly – Hazel Grove1
  • Levenshulme
  • Heaton Chapel
  • Stockport
  • Davenport
  • Woodsmoor
Glossop and Hope Valley Lines
RoutetphCalling at
Manchester Piccadilly – Hadfield 2
Manchester Piccadilly – Rose Hill Marple 4⁄3
Manchester Piccadilly – New Mills Central 1
Manchester Piccadilly – Sheffield 1
Manchester–Southport and Kirkby branch lines
RoutetphCalling at
Southport – Manchester Oxford Road1
Southport – Stalybridge 1
  • Bescar Lane, New Lane and Hoscar served by the same trains
Headbolt Lane – Blackburn1
Ribble Valley line
RoutetphCalling at
Blackburn – Rochdale1
Clitheroe – Rochdale1

Yorkshire and the Humber

Huddersfield Line
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – Bradford Interchange 1
Wharfedale and Airedale lines
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – Bradford Forster Square 2
Leeds – Ilkley 2
Bradford Forster Square – Ilkley2
  • Frizinghall
  • Shipley
  • Baildon
  • Guiseley
  • Menston
  • Burley-in-Wharfedale
  • Ben Rhydding
Leeds – Skipton 2
Bradford Forster Square – Skipton2
  • Frizinghall
  • Shipley
  • Saltaire
  • Bingley
  • Crossflatts
  • Keighley
  • Steeton & Silsden
  • Cononley
Harrogate Line
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – York 2
Pontefract Line
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – Knottingley 1
1
Wakefield Line
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – Doncaster 1
Leeds – Sheffield via Wakefield Westgate1
1Wakefield Westgate
Penistone Line
RoutetphCalling at
Sheffield – Huddersfield1
Hallam Line
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – Sheffield1
Leeds – Nottingham 1
Sheffield–Lincoln line
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds - Lincoln 1
Sheffield – Cleethorpes 1 tpd
York and Selby Lines
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – York1
Halifax – Hull Paragon 1
South Humberside Main Line, Dearne Valley Line and Yorkshire Coast line
RoutetphCalling at
Doncaster – Scunthorpe 1⁄2
Sheffield – Adwick 1
Sheffield – York 3 tpd
Doncaster – Hull Paragon1
Sheffield – Scarborough 1
Bridlington – York 1
Settle to Carlisle and Leeds to Morecambe
RoutetphCalling at
Leeds – Carlisle 1⁄2
Leeds – Morecambe 1⁄2
Calder Valley line
RoutetphCalling at
York – Blackpool North 1
Leeds – Manchester Victoria 1
Leeds - Chester 1
Leeds – Wigan Wallgate 1

Parliamentary services

Twice weekly on Saturday mornings, once in each direction, Northern operates a parliamentary train on the Stockport–Stalybridge line between Stockport and Stalybridge, calling at Reddish South, Denton and Guide Bridge. [35] [36] From 1992 until 2018, this service ran once weekly. [37]

Multiple campaigns were conducted to request increase in services to the line, [38] but in 2022, Transport for Greater Manchester published two surveys in relation to the line. [39]

As of May 2023, there is one train per day between Sheffield and Cleethorpes, via Gainsborough Central and Brigg. This service runs on weekdays only. [40] The service was suspended between January and October 2022, due to concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic. [41] Between October 1993 and May 2023, this service ran on Saturdays only, but had three trains each way and on weekdays; a few peak services terminated at Gainsborough Central.

Rolling stock

Northern took over all of the rolling stock operated by its predecessor, namely Class 142, 144, 150, 153, 155, 156, Class 158, 170 and 195 diesel multiple units and Class 319, 321, 322, 323, 331 and 333 electric multiple units. All Class 321 and 322 units were withdrawn in mid-2020 and moved to Greater Anglia. [42] All Class 153s were sent to storage by December 2021. [43] 23 Class 156 units were transferred from East Midlands Railway, which included eight of the nine Class 156/9 units formerly used by Greater Anglia, [44] although they were renumbered back to 156/4s before the transfer. [45] For the December timetable change in 2022, five more Class 156 units were transferred. [46] The final Class 156 units were delivered in May 2023. [47] The Class 319s were withdrawn on 2 January 2024. [48]

Between October 2023 and July 2024, 17 Class 323 units were transferred from West Midlands Trains to Northern Trains. [49] [50]

Current fleet

FamilyClassImageTypeTop speedNumberCarriagesRoutesBuilt
mphkm/h
Diesel multiple units
Sprinter 150/1 Northern Class 150-1 DMU at Dore ^ Totley station - geograph.org.uk - 5869457.jpg DMU 751208 [51] 3Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Liverpool, West Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, South Yorkshire and Derbyshire [52] 1984–1987
150/2 Northern Class 150 - Nottingham.jpg 66 [51] 21985–1987
155Super Sprinter Class 155 Northern.jpg 7 [28] 2York, Leeds, Hull Paragon and Scarborough [52] 1987–1988
Class 155 Arriva Northern Diagram.png
156Super Sprinter Northern Class 156 at Dore ^ Totley Station - geograph.org.uk - 7411491.jpg 67 [51] 2North East, Cumbrian Coast, Lancashire and Cumbria, Merseyside and Cheshire [52] 1987–1989
Northern 156.png
158Express Sprinter Class 158 Express Sprinter.jpg 9014545 [51] 2South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Fylde Coast, North Yorkshire and the North East [52] 1990–1992
8 [51] 3
Class 158 Arriva Northern 2 Car.png
Bombardier Turbostar 170 Class 170 Northern at Doncaster.jpg 10016016 [28] 3Scarborough - Sheffield, Leeds-York via Harrogate [52] 2003–2005
Class 170 Arriva Northern Diagram 3 Car.png
CAF Civity 195 Class 195 at Preston.jpg 25 [53] 2Manchester - Derbyshire, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leeds and Barrow in Furness, York-Blackpool, Windermere and Chester - Leeds [52] 2017–2022
33 [53] 3
Northern Class 195-0.png
Northern Class 195-1.png
Electric multiple units
Hunslet Transportation Projects/Holec [54] 323 Northern Trains class 323.jpg EMU 9014534 [55] 3Manchester-Hadfield, Manchester-Stoke-on-Trent, Manchester-Crewe, Blackpool North - Manchester Airport, and Liverpool-Manchester Airport [52] 1992–1995
323 Northern By Arriva.png
CAF Civity 331 Class 331 at Wigan North Western - geograph.org.uk - 8067456.jpg 10016031 [53] 3Blackpool North - Manchester Airport, Liverpool, Leeds - Skipton, Bradford Forster Square, Doncaster, Ilkley, Bradford Forster Square - Skipton, Ilkley2017–2020
12 [53] 4Electric services in the North West. [56]
Northern Class 331-0 w-pantograph.png
Northern Class 331-1 w-pantograph.png
CAF/Siemens Transportation Systems 333 Class 333 EMU (55053269206).jpg 16 [28] 4Leeds - Bradford Forster Square, Skipton, Ilkley,
Bradford Forster Square - Skipton, Ilkley		2000–2003
Class 333 Arriva Northern Diagram with Pantograph.png
Bi-mode multiple units
BR Second Generation (Mark 3) 769Flex
769448 at Manchester Piccadilly.jpg
BMU 1001608 [57] 4 Southport - Stalybridge, Southport-Manchester Oxford Road [58] 2017–2020 (1987–1988 as Class 319)
Northern Class 769.png

Future fleet

In August 2023, Northern issued a tender to acquire a contract for up to 450 new trains to replace the older rolling stock in their fleet. [59]

In 2024, Northern issued a tender for up to 329 new trains. [51] The 329 trains are made up of 45 three-coach electric multiple units, 16 four-coach electric multiple units, 108 three-coach bi-mode units, 128 four-coach bi-mode units and 32 four-coach battery electric multiple units. [60]

In January 2025, Northern revealed that they had shortlisted five companies for the replacement of Classes 150, 155 and 156, as well as a fleet of 12 extra EMUs for trans-Pennine electrification. The five companies are Alstom, CAF, Hitachi, Siemens and Stadler. The remaining units will be bi-mode with a pantograph and diesel/battery power; Northern aims to start introducing the new fleet in 2030. [61] [62]

According to an interview with Northern's Strategic Development Director Rob Warnes, the fleet options are as follows: [63]

Northern new fleet plans
PhaseLotReserved Class numberManufacturerDescriptionPurposeExpected first deliveries
11 Class 382 ?12x3-car EMUs Newly electric TRU services2030
2 Class 780 ?48x3-car and 63x4-car MMUsReplacement of Class 150, 155 and 156 2031
3 Class 781 ?8x4-car BEMUs Replacement of Class 769 2032
21Class 382?34x3-car EMUs, 16x4-car EMUsReplacement of Class 323 and 333 ?
2Class 780?30x3-car and 20x4-car MMUsReplacement of Class 158 ?
3Class 781?24x4-car BEMUs??
3-???Replacement of Class 170 ?

Past fleet

Former train types operated by Northern include:

ClassImageTypeTop speedNumberCarriagesRoutesNotesBuiltLeft fleet
mphkm/h
142Pacer Class 142 Pacers at Victoria Station - geograph.org.uk - 4691950.jpg DMU 75120792Local and commuter services across the NorthReplaced by Class 150, 156, 158, 170, and 195 units1985–19872020
144Pacer Class 144 at Sheffield station.jpg 231986–1987
153Super Sprinter Northern Rail Class 153, 153352, platform 5, Lancaster railway station (geograph 4499730).jpg 171Replaced by Class 150 units, later sent to storage [43] 1987–19882020–2021
319/3 Northern Class 319 386 at Manchester Piccadilly Platform 14.jpg EMU 100160194Electrified commuter services in the North WestReplaced by Class 331 units [48] 19902024 [48]
321
Class 321 Doncaster.jpg
3Electrified commuter

services in West Yorkshire

Replaced by Class 331 units19912020
322 322482Leeds.jpg 51990

Depots

Northern currently has depots for its train crew at: Ashington (conductors), [64] Barrow-in-Furness, [65] Blackburn, [65] Blackpool North, Buxton, Carlisle, Darlington [65] (drivers), Doncaster, Harrogate, Huddersfield, Hull Paragon, Liverpool Lime Street, Leeds, [65] Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Victoria, [66] Middlesbrough (conductors), Newcastle, [65] Sheffield, Skipton, Wigan Wallgate, Workington [65] and York. [65]

Northern's fleet is maintained at the following depots:

DepotAllocationServicingNearest station
Allerton TMD 08, 323, [67] 331, 769 150, 156, 195 Liverpool South Parkway
Blackburn King Street TMD None 150, 156, 195 Blackburn
Botanic Gardens TMD 155, 170 [66] 158 Hull Paragon
Heaton TMD 156, 158 Manors ( Tyne Wear Metro logo.svg Chillingham Road)
Holbeck TMD None 150, 158, 195 Leeds
Newton Heath TMD 150, 156, 195 158, 769 Moston
Neville Hill TMD 09, 150, 159, 331, 333 [68] 155, 170, 195 Leeds
Wigan Springs Branch TMD None 158, 195, 331, 769 Wigan North Western

References

  1. ↑ Milner, Chris (March 2025). "Northern begins procurement for up to 450 new trains to replace second generation units". Headline News. Rail Express . No. 346. Horncastle: Mortons. p. 11.
  2. ↑ "About Northern". Northernrailway.co.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  3. ↑ "Northern (NT)". National Rail . Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  4. ↑ "Northern Trains Limited". Companies House. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "Passengers in the North West told to 'Check Before You Travel' on Sundays AND over the Christmas period". Northern Trains. 29 November 2024. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  6. ↑ ""Game-changing for the North" - Northern sets its sights on up to 450 new trains" (Press release). 17 January 2025. Retrieved 18 January 2025. Northern Trains has moved a step closer to the largest ever investment in its fleet which could eventually see up to 450 new trains.
  7. ↑ "Northern and TransPennine Express franchises awarded". Railway Gazette International . Sutton: DVV Media Group. 9 December 2015. ISSN   0373-5346. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  8. ↑ "Arriva and First win franchises with 500 new carriages promise". The Railway Magazine . No. 1378. Horncastle: Mortons. January 2016. p. 6. ISSN   0033-8923.
  9. ↑ Calder, Simon (21 May 2018). "Passenger fury at Northern Rail as train chaos hits Blackpool, Bolton and Manchester Airport on first day of new timetable". The Independent . ISSN   1741-9743. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  10. ↑ Rucki, Alexandra (21 May 2018). "'Unacceptable #NorthernFail' – the travel chaos passengers faced on first working day of new Northern timetable". Manchester Evening News . Reach. ISSN   0962-2276. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  11. ↑ "Northern is a disaster. Why have commuters been left to face it alone?". The Guardian . London: Guardian Media Group. 21 September 2018. ISSN   1756-3224.
  12. ↑ "Rail network 'crippling the North': Leeds commuter's angry open letter about life as a Northern passenger". The Yorkshire Post . Leeds: National World. 14 October 2018. ISSN   0963-1496. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  13. ↑ Paton, Graeme (16 October 2018). "Manchester Oxford Road station is worst for delays" . The Times . London: News UK. ISSN   0140-0460. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
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  15. ↑ Gill, Oliver (4 November 2018). "German rail giant seeks help to prop up UK arm that owns Northern franchise" . The Daily Telegraph . London: Telegraph Media Group. ISSN   0307-1235. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
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  18. ↑ "Northern: Rail firm brought under government control". BBC News . BBC. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
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  23. ↑ "Customer Information". Northern OLR Holdings. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020. Q: What are Northern Trains Limited's plans for the franchise? Our initial priority is to continue to stabilise performance across the region and restore reliability for customers. We will then explore opportunities to improve the experience for customers.
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  41. ↑ "Brigg rail service from Sheffield to Cleethorpes makes comeback after outcry". GrimsbyLive. Reach. 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
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  43. 1 2 "Northern and East Midlands Railway Class 153 fleets stood down". Rail Express . Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. February 2022. p. 26.
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  47. ↑ "EMR stands down '180s' and '156s". Rail Magazine . No. 984. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. 31 May 2023. p. 23. ISSN   0953-4563.
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  50. ↑ Russell, David (September 2024). "Cross-City '730' workings Increase". Units. Rail Express . No. 340. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. p. 22.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunn, Pip (29 May 2024). "Northern invites tenders for up to 329 new trains". Network News. Rail Magazine . No. 1010. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. pp. 20–21. ISSN   0953-4563.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Train Types". Northern Trains. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Ford, Rodger (November 2023). "Northern train requirements short on detail". Informed Sources. Modern Railways . No. 902. Tunbridge Wells: Key Publishing. pp. 30–31. ISSN   0026-8356.
  54. ↑ Williams, Philip (23 March 1994). "Hunslet has had enough of 'misery line' battles". Birmingham Post . p. 3. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  55. ↑ Bendall, Simon; Clinnick, Richard; Coward, Andy (September 2024). "West Midlands Class 323s near end". Fleet Review. Railways Illustrated . No. 259. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. p. 22. ISSN   1479-2230.
  56. ↑ Russell, David (January 2024). "Class 331". Units. Rail Express . No. 332. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. p. 23.
  57. ↑ "Class 769 fleets". Today's Railways UK . No. 242. Sheffield: Platform 5. April 2022. p. 35. ISSN   1475-9713.
  58. ↑ "Northern targets electric trains on Wigan-Bolton route in 2025". Network News. Rail Magazine . No. 1028. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. 5 February 2025. p. 9. ISSN   0953-4563.
  59. ↑ "Supply of New Rolling Stock and Maintenance Support Services - Find a Tender". www.find-tender.service.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  60. ↑ "Supply of New Rolling Stock, Supporting Infrastructure and Maintenance Support Services - Find a Tender". www.find-tender.service.gov.uk.
  61. ↑ "Northern's new trains". Northern Trains. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
  62. ↑ Wilcock, Rich (17 January 2025). "Northern begins negotiations with manufacturers for 450 new trains". Rail Magazine . Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. ISSN   0953-4563.
  63. ↑ Clinnick, Richard. "Northern new train fleet introduction plans revealed" . Modern Railways Insight . Tunbridge Wells: Key Publishing. ISSN   0026-8356 . Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  64. ↑ "In Brief". News. Railways Illustrated . No. 258. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. August 2024. p. 13. ISSN   0033-8923.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Northern announces significant driver and conductor recruitment plans". News. Railways Illustrated . No. 256. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. 1 June 2024. p. 11. ISSN   0033-8923.
  66. 1 2 Sherrat, Philip (April 2024). "Northern builds for the future". Modern Railways . Vol. 81, no. 907. Tunbridge Wells: Key Publishing. pp. 66–70. ISSN   0026-8356.
  67. ↑ "Class 323 EMUs to remain in traffic with Northern". Rail Magazine . No. 886. Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. August 2019. p. 30. ISSN   0953-4563.
  68. ↑ Pickering, Graeme (May 2024). "Neville Hill: 125 years old and still evolving". The Railway Magazine . Vol. 170, no. 1478. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. pp. 47–51. ISSN   0033-8923.
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