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National route N1
National route N1
	The N1 is indicated in red.
Route information
	Maintained by SANRAL, Bakwena, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, and Western Cape Provincial Government. ;
Length	1,936 km (1,203 mi)
Major junctions
South end	M62 in Cape Town
	N2 in Cape Town ; N7 in Cape Town ; N12 near Beaufort West ; N12 at Three Sisters ; N10 at Hanover ; N9 at Colesberg ; N6 in Bloemfontein ; N8 in Bloemfontein ; N5 at Winburg ; N12 near Soweto ; N3 near Sandton ; N14 in Centurion ; N4 in Pretoria ; N11 near Mokopane
North end	A4 A6 A4/A6 at the Zimbabwean border at Beit Bridge
Location
Country	South Africa
Provinces	Western Cape ; Northern Cape ; Free State ; Gauteng ; Limpopo ;
Major cities	Cape Town ; Paarl ; Worcester ; Laingsburg ; Beaufort West ; Colesberg ; Bloemfontein ; Kroonstad ; Johannesburg ; Pretoria ; Bela-Bela ; Modimolle ; Mokopane ; Polokwane ; Louis Trichardt ; Musina ;
Highway system
	Numbered routes of South Africa ;

N1 (South Africa)

Last updated February 06, 2026

The N1 is a national route in South Africa that runs from Cape Town through Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, Pretoria and Polokwane to Beit Bridge on the border with Zimbabwe.^[1] It forms the first section of the famed Cape to Cairo Road.

Route

Detailed Route

Western Cape

N1 freeway as it enters Cape Town N1roadwestboundintocapetown.jpg — N1 freeway as it enters Cape Town

N1 near De Doorns atop Hex River Pass N1-HexRiverPass.jpg — N1 near De Doorns atop Hex River Pass

Within Cape Town

The N1 begins in central Cape Town at the northern end of Buitengracht Street (M62), outside the entrance to the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront. The first section of the N1 is shared with the beginning of the N2;^[1] it is a four-lane elevated freeway that runs along a strip of land between the city centre and the Port of Cape Town. On the eastern edge of the city centre the two roads split, and the N1 turns east as Table Bay Boulevard, passing the Ysterplaat Air Force Base and Century City before the N7 intersects it on its own way out of the city towards Namibia.^[1]

Major improvements have been made to the Koeberg Interchange, where the N1 meets the M5, one of the main arterial routes linking Milnerton with the Southern Suburbs.^[3] The N1 then heads through the suburbs of Goodwood and Bellville, where the R300 terminates at it, before heading towards Paarl.^[1]

Within the City of Cape Town the volume of two-way traffic ranges between 95,000 and 120,000 vehicles a day.^[4]^{[ when? ]} During week days during peak traffic times (inbound towards the Cape Town city bowl in the morning and outbound in the afternoon) traffic jams extending up to 12 kilometers in length are common.^[4]

Rest of the province

At Paarl, the freeway ends, and the N1 is tolled as it passes through the Huguenot Tunnel running underneath the Du Toitskloof Mountains;^[1] the tunnel was opened in the late 1980s to replace the old Du Toitskloof Pass (now designated as part of the R101) running over the mountain. Traffic volumes through the tunnel range from an average of 12,000 vehicles daily^[5] with up to 22,500 vehicles using it daily in peak periods on holidays.^[6]

After emerging from the tunnel, the N1 winds through the Molenaar River Valley (which is a short dual carriageway section) before emerging from the valley and heading towards Worcester, bypassing Rawsonville. From Worcester, the route heads through the Hex River Valley, passing De Doorns and then enters the Karoo by ascending the Hex River Pass en route to Touws River.^[1]

Currently only the section of the N1 passing through the Huguenot Tunnel is tolled, although there were formerly plans to toll the N1 from the junction with the R300, roughly to De Doorns.^[7]^[8] This would have allowed for upgrading of the N1, most especially the opening and construction of the Northern Bore of the Huguenot Tunnel so that two lanes of traffic could pass in each direction through the tunnel, and the building of grade separated junctions along the N1 through Worcester. Although the town centre is bypassed, there are a number of traffic lights on the N1 through Worcester.^[8]

From the top of the pass, the N1 passes Touws River and Matjiesfontein before passing through Laingsburg, then heads towards Beaufort West, passing the towns of Prince Albert Road and Leeu-Gamka.^[1] The 200 km section between Laingsburg and Beaufort West is notorious for claiming many lives in fatigue-related accidents;^[9]^[10] also, the N1 begins to turn towards the north-east along this stretch of road. Just before Beaufort West, the N12 from George meets the N1; the N12 and the N1 routes are co-signed through Beaufort West and for the next 75 km north-east before splitting at Three Sisters.^[1] The N12 later meets the N1 again in Johannesburg, making the N12 an alternative route to the N1, passing through Kimberley as opposed to Bloemfontein. The N1 from Bloemfontein onwards is tolled while the N12 is toll-free. Whereas the N12 passes through most of the towns en route to Johannesburg, the N1 bypasses every town between Beaufort West and Johannesburg (avoiding town centres).

The N1 briefly crosses into the Northern Cape at Three Sisters for a few kilometres before crossing back into the Western Cape, and remains in the Western Cape until just after its intersection with the R63, where it re-enters the Northern Cape.^[1]

Northern Cape

The N1 has a short section in the Northern Cape. After re-entering the Northern Cape, it passes north-east past the town of Richmond before intersecting with the N10 at Hanover. The N1 then continues towards Colesberg, where it meets the northern terminus of the N9 just south-west of the town. Approximately 35 km after Colesberg, the N1 crosses the Orange River and enters the Free State.^[1]

Free State

After the Orange River crossing, the N1 makes a direct line for Bloemfontein, passing the towns of Springfontein, Trompsburg and Edenburg, heading in a more northerly direction.^[1] Upon entering Bloemfontein, the N1 meets the northern terminus of the N6 from East London. This intersection marks the beginning of the Bloemfontein Western Bypass, which is the first freeway section on the route since Paarl. The N8 from Kimberley in the west intersects with the N1 bypass, joining it for 3 km, before heading east through the Bloemfontein CBD and then to Maseru in Lesotho.^[1]

A road sign on the N1 in Bloemfontein before the N8 interchange Bloemsign124.JPG — A road sign on the N1 in Bloemfontein before the N8 interchange

The N1 is designated as a toll road from the N6 interchange until its end at Beit Bridge. A few kilometres north of Bloemfontein, the N1 meets the R30 to Brandfort; the N1 continues as a single carriageway but with two lanes in each direction until 5 km before the toll plaza at Verkeerdevlei, halfway between Bloemfontein and Winburg. Initial plans^{[ citation needed ]} were for the N1 from Bloemfontein to Winburg to be a dual-carriageway freeway. At Winburg, the N1 bypasses the town to the west and meets the western terminus of the N5, which connects with Senekal, Bethlehem and Harrismith.^[1]

The N1 continues north and bypasses Ventersburg before reaching Kroonstad. There, the R34 from Welkom joins the N1 freeway for 9 kilometres, bypassing Kroonstad Central to the east, before splitting from the N1 and making its own way towards Heilbron.^[1]

After Kroonstad, the N1 heads towards the Vaal River and Gauteng as the Kroonvaal Toll Route. Just before passing into Gauteng at the Vaal River, the N1 features another toll plaza (the Vaal Toll Plaza) just south of its interchange with the R59 road, which provides access to the Vaal Triangle (Vereeniging and Sasolburg) in the east and Parys in the west.^[1]

Gauteng

After crossing the Vaal River, the N1 continues towards Johannesburg, bypassing Vanderbijlpark and featuring another toll plaza at Grasmere. At the Misgund Interchange in the southern outskirts of Johannesburg, the N12 once again meets the N1, and they are co-signed northwards as one highway for 4 kilometers (bypassing Soweto) up to the Diepkloof Interchange, where the N12 splits off eastwards to become the Southern Bypass portion of the Johannesburg Ring Road.^[1] From just north of the Vaal River the N1 changes from being a tarred road to a concrete road, until just after meeting the N12.

Road sign at the R553 Golden Highway off-ramp before the Diepkloof Interchange Joburgsign1844.JPG — Road sign at the R553 Golden Highway off-ramp before the Diepkloof Interchange

The N1 then becomes the Western Bypass portion of the same ring road, passing through Johannesburg's western and north-western suburbs (forming Roodepoort's eastern boundary and passing through Randburg) before bending east and meeting the northern termini of the N3 (the Eastern Bypass portion of the Johannesburg Ring Road, which connects to Durban) and Johannesburg's own M1 freeway at the Buccleuch Interchange north-east of Sandton.^[1]

The N1 between Johannesburg and Pretoria as part of the Ben Schoeman Highway (2011). N1roadsouthboundatmidrand.jpg — The N1 between Johannesburg and Pretoria as part of the Ben Schoeman Highway (2011).

The N1 then becomes the Ben Schoeman Highway, heading northwards towards Pretoria (passing through Midrand); this section carries 160,000 vehicles per day as of 2011^[11] and is purported to be the busiest stretch of road in South Africa.^[12] At the Brakfontein Interchange in Centurion, the N1 meets the N14 and they switch highways, with the N14 becoming the Ben Schoeman Highway northwards to Pretoria Central and the N1 becoming the Pretoria Eastern Bypass (named the Danie Joubert Freeway) towards the north-east, proceeding to intersect with the R21 highway coming from O. R. Tambo International Airport at the Flying Saucer Interchange before Pretoria East.^[1] After the R21 interchange, the N1 proceeds in a more northerly direction through the eastern suburbs. East of Pretoria CBD, at the Proefplaas Interchange, the N4 national route from Witbank in the east joins the N1 and they are one highway for 12 km northwards before the N4 splits off to the west to become the Platinum Highway (Pretoria Northern Bypass) towards Brits and Rustenburg.^[1] At this interchange with the Platinum Highway (N4) is the Pumulani Toll Plaza on the N1 north and the Doornpoort Toll Plaza on the N4 west.

From the interchange with the N4 Platinum Highway, the N1 is tolled for the remainder of its length, with various toll plazas located along it (including upon off-ramps and on-ramps). The N1 heads to the north, bypassing Hammanskraal, and crosses into the Limpopo province.^[1]

Limpopo

The N1 then passes near Bela-Bela (previously Warmbaths) and Modimolle (previously Nylstroom).^[1] At the Modimolle exit, the freeway ends; the section of freeway between the Vaal River and Modimolle is the longest freeway in South Africa by route number at approximately 265 km (although there are two changes in the alignment of freeway in Gauteng, at the Buccleuch and Brakfontein Interchanges; South Africa's longest continuous freeway is the N3 between Durban and Ladysmith, which is approximately 20 km shorter). The section from the Proefplaas Interchange in Pretoria to the R516 Bela Bela exit is maintained by a private concessionaire, namely Bakwena,^[13]^[14] under license from SANRAL.

The N1 then heads past Mokopane (previously Potgietersrus), where the N11 intersects it at the Nyl Toll Plaza (north off-ramp only) (leaving the N18 and the N17 as the only national roads that do not intersect with the N1), before heading to Polokwane (previously known as Pietersburg).^[1] The Polokwane Eastern Bypass is now used by traffic to loop around the Polokwane city centre (the N1 is no-longer the road passing through the city centre).^[15]

After Polokwane, the N1 heads north, crossing the Tropic of Capricorn before passing Louis Trichardt. The N1 then winds through the Soutpansberg Mountains (containing two short tunnels) as the Wyllie's Poort Pass before heading to Musina (passing the last tollgate before Musina).^[1] The Musina Western Bypass is now used by traffic to bypass the CBD to the west^[16]^[17] (The N1 is no-longer the road passing through the town centre). The route then continues for 12 km to end at the Beitbridge border crossing with Zimbabwe on the Limpopo River, where it crosses the river as the Alfred Beit Road Bridge before splitting into two routes, which are the A4 road to Harare and the A6 road to Bulawayo. The border town on the other side of the Limpopo River is also called Beitbridge.