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List of leaders of the Circassian Confederation

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Presidents of the Circassian Confederation Presidents of the Circassian Confederation.jpg
Presidents of the Circassian Confederation

The Leader of the Circassian Confederation refers to the figures who held supreme authority over the Circassian tribes in Circassia, ranging from the nominal suzerainty to the centralized military and parliamentary leadership of the 19th century. This role evolved from a symbolic feudal title into a formal executive office established to coordinate national defense during the Russo-Circassian War.

Contents

History

Background

The influential tribes of Circassia regularly met to elect a Grand Prince (Пщышхо) among them. The existence of such an institute is confirmed by foreign sources. In the eyes of foreign observers, the Grand Prince was considered the king of the Circassians. However, the individual tribes were greatly autonomous and the title was mostly symbolic. [1] In 1237, the Dominican monks Richard and Julian, as part of the Hungarian embassy, visited Circassia and the main city of this country Matrega, located on the Taman Peninsula. In Matrega, the embassy received a good reception from the Grand Prince. [2]

In the 14th and 15th centuries Italian documents concerning the relationship between the consul of Kafa and Circassia clearly indicate the absolutely special status of the ruler of Circassia. This status allowed the senior prince of Circassia to correspond with the Pope. The letter of Pope John XXII, addressed to the Grand Prince of Zichia (Circassia) Verzacht, dates back to 1333, in which the Roman pontiff thanked the ruler for his diligence in introducing the Catholic faith among his subjects. Verzacht's power status was so high that following his example some other Circassian princes adopted Catholicism. [3]

Prince of Princes

In Circassian legends, Inal the Blind managed to unite all Circassians and declared himself the "Princes of Princes". [4] [5] The title has passed to Inal's eldest son Chemrug. Chemrug's son Boletuqo has founded the House of Boletuqo, which was the princely dynasty of the Principality of Chemguy. Thus, Chemguy Grand Princes was considered as the "true owners" of the most of West Circassia. [5] In some versions, Boletuqo's brothers, along with their subjects, broke away from the principality and formed their own principalities. [5] This separation process resulted in the formation of the Hatuqay, Jane, and Hegayk tribes. [6]

In the first half of the 16th century, the Bzhedug people migrated from the Black Sea coast to settle in the Chemguy lands in the Kuban region. According to legend, the Chemguy prince agreed to allow the Bzhedug people to settle in his lands on the condition that the Bzhedug princes become his vassal nobles. The Bzhedug princes wanted to preserve their princely rank and independence. The Bzhedug won the ensuing war and acquired vast territories around the Psekups basin. [7] Makhosh tribe, who broke away from the Bzhedug tribe, also went east and settled in the Chemguy lands. [8] In the late 16th century, the Abzakh and Shapsug-Natukhaj tribes appeared, in that order, in central West Circassia and along the Black Sea coast. [9]

According to historian F. A. Shcherbina, during the Russo-Circassian War, when General Zass suggested defining borders with the Principality of Chemguy, Grand Prince Jembulat Boletuqo replied: [10]

"What has this Russian general, born of a woman without trousers, devised? What border could I have? I am a son of the sun and the moon, meaning I descend from parental blood so pure that my parents can only be likened to the sun and the moon, and my ancestors' domains stretched along the Kuban, from the Laba River to the Black Sea. There is but one border for these lands: the Kuban. On one side are my lands, on the other are the Russians. Everyone should know this."

The Chemguy Grand Prince held a nominal vassal authority over all the principalities believed to be descended from the Inal; including Kabardians and Besleney. [5] By the early 19th century, the confederative structure of the Principality of Chemguy included the territories of Makhosh, Yejeruqay, Ademiy and Mamkhegh. [11] They had previously established dominance over the Abazin regions as well. [12]

Confederation

Circassia traditionally consisted of more than a dozen principalities. Some of these principalities were divided into large feudal estates, characterized by the stability of political status. Within these territories there were numerous feudal possessions of princes (pshi). The Circassian state was a federal state consisting of four levels of government: Village council (чылэ хасэ, made up of village elders and nobles), district council (made up of representatives from 7 neighboring village councils), regional council (шъолъыр хасэ, made up from neighboring district councils), people's council (лъэпкъ зэфэс, where every council had a representative). A central government emerged during the mid to late 1800s. Prior to that, the institute of grand prince was mostly symbolic.

In 1807, Qalebatuqo Hatuqay Shupago self-proclaimed himself as the leader of the Circassian confederation, and divided Circassia into 12 major regions. [13] [14] [15] In 1827, Ismail Berzeg officially declared the military confederation of the Circassian tribes and by 1839 united a significant part of Circassia under his control. [16] [17] In 1839, the Circassians declared Bighurqal (Anapa) as their new capital and Hawduqo Mansur was declared the new leader of the Circassian Confederation. He kept this title until his death. [18] [19] [17] In 1848, Muhammad Amin was the leader of Circassia. [20] [21] [22] After learning that a warriorly scholar has arrived, thousands of families moved to the Abdzakh region to accept his rule. [23] Seferbiy Zaneqo assumed power after Amin's departure, but died the next year.

In June 1860, at a congress of representatives of Circassians, a parliament was formed as the highest legislative body of Circassia. Being a political resistance council and the legislature of Circassia, [24] [25] [26] the parliament was established in the capital of Sochi (Adyghe : Шъачэ, romanized: Ş̂açə) on June 13, 1860, and Gerandiqo Berzeg was elected as the head of the parliament and the nation. [27] [28]

List

Prince of Princes

NameCircassian nameReignDescription
ChemrugИнал икъо КӏэмрыгуEarly 14th c.Eldest son of Inal in tradition. He gave his name to the principality (the land of Chemrug, Chemrugoy, Chemirgoy, Chemguy). [29] [30]
BoletuqoКӏэмрыгу икъо БолэтыкъоEarly 14th c.Eldest son of Chemrug in tradition. He was the founder of the dynasty. Dated to the early 14th century by Samir Khotko. [31]
Chertibi

(Kerti Bey)

Болэтыкъо ЧэртыбиBefore 1452Father of Biberd. [31]
BiberdБолэтыкъо Чэртыби икъо Бибердc. 1452Son of Kerti Bey (Chertibi). Mentioned by Giosafat Barbaro, a representative of a Venetian noble family in Tana, as the ruler of Chemguy (Kremuk) in 1452. [31] He was also mentioned in a Genoese document from 1471. [31]
TomenishБолэтыкъо ТомэнышEarly 16th c.Mentioned in oral sources as the ruler of Chemguy and killed during the battle against Bzhedugs. [32] The place where Tomenish died severely wounded was turned into a mound by the Bzhedugs after the battle. This mound is called the Tomenish mound (Томанышы иIуашъхь). [32] In some versions; Bzhedugs had allied with the fugitive relatives of the Crimean Khan, [33] Tomenish was also recorded as Bezruqo [33] and fought alongside Hatuqay prince Aledjuqo during the battle. [34]
Qanshau

(Kansu)

Болэтыкъо Къаншъауc. 1581Mentioned in Ottoman documents in 1581 as the Christian ruler of Chemguy (Kemürgüy). [35] The name Kansu in Ottoman documents may be Qanshau. [36] Circassian folk songs about the 1578 Derbent campaign during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578–1590 instead name Asran (Болэтыкъо Асран). [37]
Qanshauqo

(Kanşuk)

Болэтыкъо Къаншъау икъоc. 1583Mentioned in an Ottoman document in 1583 as the ruler of Chemguy. [35] He was mentioned among the Circassian princes with their detachments who were part of the Ottoman expeditionary force. [36]
MehmedБолэтыкъо МыхьэмэдUntil 1590Mehmed was the ruler of Chemguy until he was appointed by Ottomans as the Sanjak-bey of Kefe and the Emir of the Circassian lands in 1590. Mehmed and his brother Husrev had converted to Islam. [36]
HusrevБолэтыкъо Хьусрэуc. 1590After his older brother Mehmed was appointed as Emir, Husrev was appointed as the ruler of Chemguy after Mehmed. [36]
Unnamed rulerc. 1629Mentioned by Dominican friar Giovanni Luca in 1629 as the ruler of Chemguy (Bolette-koy). He welcomed the missionaries sent by Pope Urban VIII, hosting them in his residence and facilitating the mass baptism of 250 children in his domain. He was around 60 years old in 1629 and had sons and at least a daughter. His wife had recently died. [38]
MirzabekБолэтыкъо Мырзэбекc. 1643Mentioned by Russians in 1643 as the ruler of Chemguy (Kumurgey), son of Qanmirza and older brother of Bezruqo which was sent to Terek city as a delegate. [39]
Sihatuqo

(Sihadok)

Болэтыкъо Сыхьатыкъоc. 1666Mentioned by Evliya Çelebi in 1666 as the eldest brother among the 7 ruling prince brothers of Chemguy (Bolatkay). He listed 5 brothers from eldest to youngest as: Sihatuqo (Sihadok), Yelbezdi (El-Bozdı), Yelmirza (El-mirza), Bezruqo (Bazruk), Bateqo (Batok). [40]
Unnamed rulerc. 1724Mentioned by Xavier de Glavany in his 1724 report as the ruler of Chemguy (Gemirgia) and Makhosh (Mokosigilan). [12] According to Glavany, the principality had 2,000 dwellings under his administration, and the Abazin tribe Barakay (Karabay) with 600 dwellings was also listed as his dependency. [12]
ShumafБолэтыкъо Айтэч икъо ШумафэMid 18th c.Son of Aytech. Mentioned in traditional songs and legends. [41] [42] He had 2 sons named Aslanbech and Hatughuzhuqo. [30]
Aslanbech

Signature of Prince Aslanbech of Chemguy.svg

Болэтыкъо Шумафэ икъо Аслъэнбэчc. 1782Son of Shumaf. Mentioned in 1782 as the ruler of Chemguy, who signed his letter to the commandant of Suzhuq-Kale, reporting on frontier conditions and requesting military support from the Ottoman authorities. [43] Later that, he is mentioned in 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792 and 1797. [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]
BezruqoБолэтыкъо Хьатыгъужъыкъо икъо БэзрыкъоUntil 1808Son of Hatughuzhuqo. [49] [50] He was killed during a battle against the Abzakhs. [30]
MishawostБолэтыкъо Хьатыгъужъыкъо икъо Мышъэост1808–1827Son of Hatughuzhuqo, older brother of Bezruqo. [50] [30]
Jembulat

Seal of Jembulat Boletuqo.svg

Болэтыкъо Хьатыгъужъыкъо икъо Джанболэт1827–1836/1837Son of Hatughuzhuqo. [51] He opposed Russia and killed by Russian general Grigory Zass in an assassination. [30]

Confederation Leaders

PortraitNameCircassian nameTerm of officeTribe of originProfessionNotes
Sheikh Mansur.jpg Sheikh Mansur Шыихъ Мансур1787–1791
Ethnic Chechen
Flag of the Sheikh Mansur Movement.png
Military commander, Islamic preacherManaged to gain the loyalty of most Circassians, uniting them in the name of Islam. [52] Considered a hero in Circassian folklore despite being of Chechen origin. [53] Recognized by the Ottoman Caliph as the leader of all Caucasian Muslims. [54]
Shupago Hatuqay Qalebatuqo Къалэбатыкъо Хьатыкъуай Шупаго1807–1827Soldier, nobleman, politicianA member of the House of Shupago. He held possession of Gelendzhik. [55] In 1807, having acquired some wealth and power, he attempted to unite Circassians under a "national oath" and declared himself the leader of the Circassian confederation and divided Circassia into 12 major regions. [13] But his authority was mostly limited, though British adventurer in Circassia, James Bell, said he was "admired". [56]
IsmailBerzegCircassia.png Ismail Berzeg Бэрзэдж Дэгумыкъо Исмахьил1827–1839Military commander, nobleman, politicianA member of the House of Berzeg. From 1827, he engaged in organizing a military confederation of the tribes living on the Black Sea coast. By the end of 1839, he had united most of the population and other Circassians accepted his authority. James Bell called him "Circassian Washington". [56]
Hawduqo Mansur Хьаудыкъо Мансур Шупаго1839–1846
Military commander, nobleman, politicianA member of the House of Shupago. [13] On May 6, 1837, he presided over the All-Circassian tribal assembly, which was attended by 1,000 Circassian representatives, as well as British adventurers James Bell and John Augustus Longworth. [57] In December 1838, he was also elected as the leader of the assembly held by the Shapsugs and Natukhais. [58] He rose to the position of a leader of the Circassians. [59] After this date, in Circassian meetings mentioned in Russian sources, Mansur was referred to as the leader. [55] Longworth mentioned Mansur's popularity, Longworth states that the Circassians loved him enough to make him "king of the country." He also mentions that Mansur spoke Turkish very well. [57]
MuhammadAminCircassia.png Muhammad Amin Наиб Мыхьэмэд Амин1848–September 1859
Ethnic Avar
Flag of Avars.svg
Islamic preacherAppointed by Imam Shamil to lead the Circassians, [22] his title was "Naib" (representative). Amin used harsh methods to impose his rule, and many Circassians recognized his authority willingly or unwillingly. His era was marked with various reforms in industry, diplomacy, military, administration, religious issues and more. He gradually established stricter Islamic laws, removed slavery, banned social classes, built schools and small factories. [13] In 1854, he was recognized by the Ottoman Caliph as the Governor of Circassia. [60] Naib Muhammad Amin and Seferbiy Zaneqo had a civil war over authority, which Amin lost and was exiled. [61]
SeferbiyZaneqoCircassia.png Seferbiy Zaneqo Занэкъо СэфэрбийSeptember 1859–1 January 1860Diplomat, Military commander, nobleman, politicianDesigner of the Circassian flag. An Ottoman and Russian citizen, Zaneqo mostly worked as a diplomat of Circassia, acting as an intermediary between Circassians and Ottomans, Russians, and British. [62] Was elected by Circassians as representative of Circassia. [63] [64] Initially recognized as the envoy of Circassia to Ottomans by Mahmud II, [63] he later acquired the title Governor of Circassia. [62] [61] However, he could not establish authority due to the naibate of Muhammad Amin, and a civil war between the two ensued. Amin lost the war, however Zaneqo passed soon after.
QerandiqoBerzegCircassia.png Gerandiqo Berzeg Бэрзэдж Дэгумыкъо Джэрандыкъо13 June 1860 – 21 May 1864Military commander, nobleman, politicianA member of the House of Berzeg. In 1861, the Parliament of Independence was established in Sochi, declaring Circassia as a unitary state. Gerandiqo Berzeg was elected as the chairman and continued this role until the annexation of Circassia. [65]

References

  1. ↑ "Черкесия: черты социо-культурной идентичности". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  2. ↑ De facto Ungariae Magnae a fretre  Riccardo invento tempori domini  Gregorii Noni. // Исторический архив. 1940. Т. 3. С. 96.)
  3. ↑ Atti della Societa Ligure di storia patria. T. VII, f. 2. 737; Колли Л. Кафа в период владения ею банком св. Георгия (1454-1475) // Известия Таврической Ученой Архивной комиссии. № 47. Симферополь, 1912. С. 86.)
  4. ↑ Кожев, Заурбек Анзорович. КЫЗБУРУНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ (КЪЫЗБРУН ЗАУЭ) ПО ЧЕРКЕССКИМ ПРЕДАНИЯМ В ИЗЛОЖЕНИИ Ш.Б. НОГМОВА (PDF).
  5. 1 2 3 4 Кагазежев, Жираслан Валерьевич. "Позднесредневековое адыгское княжество Кемиргой (Кремук)". История и археология.
  6. ↑ Кагазежев, Ж. В. (2013). Черкесия в эпоху князя Инала и его ближайших потомков: XIV--первая половина XVI века (in Russian). OOO "Pechatnyĭ dvor". ISBN   978-5-906002-46-4.
  7. ↑ ЕМЫКI, Н. (2020). "БЖЪЭДЫГЪУХЭР КЪУШЪХЬЭМ КЪЫЗЭРЭЧIЭКIЫГЪЭХЭР" [HOW THE BZHEDUGS CAME OUT OF THE MOUNTAINS TO THE PLAIN]. ПСАЛЪ (in Adyghe). 16-17 (19-20): 244–251.
  8. ↑ Хан-Гирей, Султан. Записки о Черкесии [Notes on Circassia] (in Russian). pp. 114, 130–134, 583.
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  14. ↑ KAFFED, Çerkes Özgürlük Meclisi
  15. ↑ These regions were Shapsugo-Natukhaj, Abdzakh, Chemguy, Barakay, Bzhedug, Kabardo-Besleney, Hatuqway, Makhosh, Bashilbey, Taberda, Abkhazia and Ubykh.
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  17. 1 2 D, S. Kronolojik Savaş Tarihi
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  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Викторович, Скиба Константин (2015). "Род темиргоевских князей Болотоковых в военно-политических событиях на Кубани в конце XVIII начале xix вв". Политематический сетевой электронный научный журнал Кубанского государственного аграрного университета (109): 1102–1128. ISSN   1990-4665.
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  32. 1 2 ЕМЫКI, Н. (2020). "БЖЪЭДЫГЪУХЭР КЪУШЪХЬЭМ КЪЫЗЭРЭЧIЭКIЫГЪЭХЭР" [HOW THE BZHEDUGS CAME OUT OF THE MOUNTAINS TO THE PLAIN]. ПСАЛЪ (in Adyghe). 16-17 (19-20): 244–251.
  33. 1 2 ШЕУДЖЕН, А.Х. (2022). АДЫГИ В двух томах Том I (PDF) (in Russian). Майкоп. p. 458. ISBN   978-5-7992-1033-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  42. ↑ Дьячков-Тарасов, А. Н. (1902). "Абадзехи (Историко-этнографический очерк)" [Abadzekhs (Historical and Ethnographic Essay)](PDF). Записки Кавказского отдела Русского географического общества (in Russian). 22 (4): 437.
  43. ↑ Шаов, Ибрагим Капланович. "Юридические формы политики Османского государства на Северо-Западном Кавказе: на примере Анапского наместничества (1782–1828)" (PDF). Вопросы российского и международного права. 13 (9A): 41.
  44. ↑ Directorate of State Archives (BOA), Ali Emiri - Sabık I (AE.SABH.I), 19-1626, H-10-07-1203 (6 April 1789). "Imperial Order regarding the intelligence report on Russian fortifications in Kabarda and Dagestan."
  45. ↑ Бутков, Петр Григорьевич (1869). Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год. Части III (in Russian). p. 230.
  46. ↑ Directorate of State Archives (BOA), Cevdet - Hariciye (C.HR), 33-1621, H-29-09-1205 (31 May 1791). "Decree regarding the mobilization of Circassian tribes against Russia."
  47. ↑ Mattei, Jean-Louis (1994). Kırım ve Kafkasya'da Osmanlı Nüfuzunun Gerilemesi ve Ruslara Karşı Kafkas Kabilelerinin Direniş Girişimleri (1792) (in Turkish).
  48. ↑ Directorate of State Archives (BOA), Cevdet - Maliye (C.ML), 57-2608, H-23-05-1212 (13 November 1797). "Report submitted by the Anapa Warden regarding the allocation of the remaining 200 kurus from the salary of the deceased Apetek's son to his three children."
  49. ↑ Данильченко, А. Е.; Теучеж, Б. А. (2023). Кикова, Б. А. (ed.). Памятные даты по Республике Адыгея на 2024 год : библиографический указатель (PDF) (in Russian). Майкоп: Национальная библиотека Республики Адыгея, Отдел краеведческой и национальной литературы, Качество. pp. 106–107. ISBN   978-5-9703-0760-1.
  50. 1 2 VON KLAPROTH, JULIUS (1814). TRAVELS IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA, PERFORMED IN THE YEARS 1807 AND 1808 (PDF) (in Russian). London. pp. 126–127.
  51. ↑ Лавров, Л.И. (1968). Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа на арабском, персидском и турецком языках Памятники письменности Востока (in Russian). Vol. Часть 3. Moscow. p. 199.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  52. ↑ "ŞEYH MANSÛR". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  53. ↑ Askerov, Ali (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.
  54. ↑ Oztas, Ahmet (2013). A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma. EHESS. pp. 1–14.
  55. 1 2 Khotko, Samir (2014). КАВКАЗСКАЯ ВОЙНА: УРОКИ ИСТОРИИ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ [The Caucasian War: Lessons of History and Modernity]. Материалы научной конференции, посвященной 150-летию окончания Кавказской войны [Materials of the scientific conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the end of the Caucasian War] (in Russian). Maykop: Izdatelstvo "Magarin Oleg Grigorievich" (Maikop). ISBN   9785916922455 . Retrieved 14 December 2025.
  56. 1 2 Bell, James Stanislaus (1840). Journal of a Residence in Circassia: During the Years 1837, 1838 and 1839. pp. 344–346. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  57. 1 2 Longworth, J. A. (1840). A Year Among the Circassians. H. Colburn.
  58. ↑ ИнфоРост, Н. П. "ГПИБ | Т. 3 : [Письма 1839-1841 гг.]. - 1910". elib.shpl.ru. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  59. ↑ Hotko, Samir (2015). "ГЛАВА 5. ЧЕРКЕССКИЙ ЛИМЕС". Adyghe Republican Institute of Humanitarian Studies.
  60. ↑ BOA, İrade Dahiliye [İ.DH.], 305/19355, 5 Zilkâde 1270 [30 July 1854]
  61. 1 2 BOA, İrade Dahiliye [İ.DH.], 25156, 9 Zilkâde 1273 [1 July 1857]; NA, F.O. 195/458, Misk to Stratford, Damascus, 30 September 1857, No.21.
  62. 1 2 Yağcı, Zübeyde Güneş (2016-06-01). "The International Leader of North Caucasus: Sefer Zaniko". Bilig (76): 59–86. ISSN   1301-0549.
  63. 1 2 Arslan, Nebahat; Wakizaka, Keisuke; Topçu (Papşu), Murat; Kyriakidis, Theodosios; Güneş, Sadriye; Has, Yaprak; Liy, Ergün Özgür; Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet. 1864 Kafkas Tehciri: Kafkasya'da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün [Caucasian Exodus of 1864: Russian Colonization of Caucasia, War and Exodus].
  64. ↑ Bell, James Stanislaus (1840). Journal of a Residence in Circassia: During the Years 1837, 1838 and 1839. pp. 344–346. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  65. ↑ Владимировна, Чунтыжева Рима (2014). "Сочинский меджлис: опыт общественно-политического творчества адыгов в XIX веке". Вестник Майкопского Государственного Технологического Университета (4): 15–19. ISSN   2078-1024.
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