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Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

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Jammu and Kashmir
1846–1947
Flag of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1846-1936).svg
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg
Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg
Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
Status Princely state
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Islam (majority), Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
Government Monarchy
Maharaja  
• 1846–1857
Gulab Singh (first)
• 1925–1947
Hari Singh (last)
Dewan  
• 1917–1921
Daljit Singh (first)
• 1947
Mehr Chand Mahajan (last)
History 
• Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir
16 March 1846
• End of British Crown Suzerainty
15 August 1947
• Beginning of the First Kashmir War
22 October 1947
• Accession to the Indian Union as a state
26–27 October 1947
Today part ofDisputed; see Kashmir conflict

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, [1] was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858, and under the paramountcy (or tutelage [2] [3] ) of the British Crown from 1858 until British withdrawal and the partition of British India in 1947. Following the subsequent First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan, it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. [4] [5] [6] After the First Anglo-Sikh War, Kashmir was annexed by British India (Company Raj), [7] from the Sikhs as war indemnity, on 9 March 1846. Later, Jammu and Kashmir was formed, when Kashmir was sold to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for 75 lakh rupees, on 16 March 1846.

Contents

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts by the Gilgit Scouts against Hari Singh supported by informal militias from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, and the Pakistani army personnel, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded [8] to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan, which were assisted by the Pakistani government and military leadership. [9] [10] The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan with the support of Gilgit Scouts, [11] while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. [12] India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists. [13] [14]

Administration

Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red. Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg
Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red.

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows: [15] [16]

In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given: [15]

Prime ministers of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1917–1947)

#NameTook officeLeft office
1 Raja Sir Daljit Singh 19171921
2Raja Hari Singh 19251927
3 Sir Albion Banerjee January 1927March 1929
4 G. E. C. Wakefield 19291931
5 Hari Krishan Kaul [17] 19311932
6 Elliot James Dowell Colvin [17] 19321936
7 Sir Barjor J. Dalal 19361936
8Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1937July 1943
9 Kailash Narain Haksar July 1943February 1944
10Sir B. N. Rau February 194428 June 1945
11 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 194511 August 1947
12 Janak Singh 11 August 194715 October 1947
13 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 194727 October 1947

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18731,534,972 [b] —    
18912,543,952+65.7%
19012,905,578+14.2%
19113,158,126+8.7%
19213,320,518+5.1%
19313,646,243+9.8%
19414,021,616+10.3%
Sources: Census in British India
Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1873–1941)
Census Year Jammu ProvinceKashmir ProvinceFrontier RegionsJammu & Kashmir Princely State
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
1873 [b] [18] 938,641491,846104,4851,534,972
1891 [18] 1,439,543949,041155,3682,543,952
1901 [19] 1,521,3071,157,394226,8772,905,578
1911 [20] 1,597,8651,295,201265,0603,158,126
1921 [21] 1,640,2591,407,086273,1733,320,518
1931 [22] 1,788,4411,569,218288,5843,646,243
1941 [23] 1,981,4331,728,705311,4784,021,616

Religion

Map of India according to religious affiliations in various regions in 1909 India religion map 1909 en.jpg
Map of India according to religious affiliations in various regions in 1909
Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era)
Religious
group		1891 [18] 1901 [19] 1911 [20] 1921 [21] 1931 [22] 1941 [23]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam 1,793,7102,154,6952,398,3202,548,5142,817,6363,101,247
Hinduism 691,800689,073690,390692,641736,222809,165
Buddhism 29,60835,04736,51237,68538,72440,696
Tribal 16,615N/aN/aN/aN/aN/aN/a13451
Sikhism 11,39925,82831,55339,50750,66265,903
Jainism 593442345529597910
Christianity 2184229751,6342,2633,509
Zoroastrianism 911317529
Judaism N/aN/aN/aN/aN/aN/aN/aN/aN/aN/a10
Others06001095
Total population2,543,9522,905,5783,158,1263,320,5183,646,2434,021,616
Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Kashmir and Jammu", Imperial Gazetteer of India, 15, Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press: 71–, 1908, archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved 27 August 2019
  2. ↑ Sneddon, Christopher (2021), Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13, Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded [British] protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy'.
  3. ↑ Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005), Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22, ISBN   0-295-98525-9, ... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
  4. ↑ "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
  5. ↑ "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN   978-0-7172-0139-6, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
  6. ↑ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN   978-0-415-93922-5, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  7. ↑ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
  8. ↑ 1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19
  9. ↑ "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News". BBC News. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  10. ↑ Fair, C. Christine (25 April 2014). Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN   978-0-19-939588-0.
  11. ↑ Schofield, Victoria (6 May 2003). Kashmir in Conflict. London: I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. p. xii. ISBN   1-86064-898-3 – via archive.org.
  12. ↑ Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN   0-674-01173-2.
  13. ↑ "History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  14. ↑ "Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  15. 1 2 Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN   978-1-935501-76-3
  16. ↑ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
  17. 1 2 Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, doi:10.2307/2757363, JSTOR   2757363
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Census of India, 1891. Volume XXVIII, The Kashmir state : the report on the census and imperial and supplementary tables". 1891. pp. 209–231. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25352828 . Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  19. 1 2 "Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 20. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25366883 . Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  20. 1 2 "Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 17. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25394111 . Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  21. 1 2 "Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 15. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25430177 . Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  22. 1 2 "Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables". 1931. p. 267. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25797120 . Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  23. 1 2 India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir". pp. 337–352. JSTOR   saoa.crl.28215644 . Retrieved 3 November 2024.

Notes

  1. ↑ namely the Pahari-Pothwari variety
  2. 1 2 According to the 1891 census report, population enumeration during the 1873 census was noted to have not been reliable. [18]

Bibliography

This article incorporates text from the Imperial Gazetteer of India , a publication now in the public domain.

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