Background of the United Keetoowah Band
The United Keetoowah Band traces its origins to the Keetoowah,a traditionalist Cherokee society that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century to preserve Cherokee language,ceremony,and political autonomy. [2] The United States Congress recognized the UKB in 1946 under the terms of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936,and the band ratified its constitution and bylaws on October 3,1950,by a vote of 1,414 to 1. [3] [4] Membership was drawn from a roll certified by the Superintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes Agency on November 16,1949,which already exceeded 5,000 names. [4] The band is headquartered in Tahlequah,Oklahoma,and is one of three federally recognized Cherokee tribes in the United States. [5]
Throughout the mid-twentieth century,the UKB maintained its cultural distinctiveness. Council proceedings and religious services were conducted in the Kituwah dialect of Cherokee as late as 1970,and regular stomp dance ceremonies at grounds such as Stokes Smith drew between 200 and 600 participants annually into the 1970s. [6] The tribal council held over 90 documented sessions between 1950 and the late 1970s,reflecting sustained organizational activity despite the band's limited federal resources during that period. [6]
Leadership
Gordon succeeded William Glory,who had served as Principal Chief from 1967 to 1979. During Glory's tenure,the UKB adopted its official flag on April 6,1968,and navigated the early years of the federal government's shift away from the termination era toward self-determination. [7] The 1979 election that brought Gordon to office involved competitive tribal politics;candidate Tom Hicks withdrew from the race prior to the vote. [8]
Gordon was in turn succeeded by John Hair in 1983. Hair would serve multiple terms and become one of the longest-serving UKB chiefs;the band later named the John Hair Cultural Center and Keetoowah Museum in Tahlequah in his honor. [9]
UKB during Gordon's tenure
Gordon's time in office overlapped with the early implementation of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (88 Stat. 2203,codified at 25 U.S.C. § 5301 et seq.),signed into law by President Gerald Ford on January 4,1975. [1] The act authorized the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Health,Education,and Welfare to enter into contracts and grants with federally recognized tribes,transferring administrative control of federal programs in areas such as education,social services,law enforcement,and resource management to tribal governments. [10] For smaller tribes such as the UKB,which lacked the large administrative apparatus of its neighbor the Cherokee Nation,the contracting process under Public Law 93-638 represented both an opportunity and a capacity-building challenge. [11]
The UKB's relationship with the Cherokee Nation was a persistent source of tension during this period. Both tribes maintained headquarters in Tahlequah and drew members from overlapping populations in northeastern Oklahoma,but they operated under separate federal charters and governed through distinct political structures. [2] The Cherokee Nation,reorganized under a 1975 constitution with a far larger enrollment,asserted broad jurisdiction over the historic Cherokee Reservation boundaries. The UKB maintained that it held co-successor status to the lands described in the Treaty of 1846,a claim that would remain unresolved for decades. [12] Scholars of Cherokee identity politics,notably Circe Sturm,have examined how questions of blood quantum,cultural practice,and political loyalty shaped the boundary between the two nations during and after this era. [6]
Despite limited resources,the UKB under Gordon continued to function as an active tribal government. The band maintained its corporate charter obligations,held regular council meetings,and preserved ceremonial traditions central to Keetoowah identity. [2] [6] Records from the Bureau of Indian Affairs Muskogee Area Office document the administrative relationship between the federal government and the UKB during this period. [13]
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