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Early Muslim period in Lahore

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The early Muslim period refers to the start of Muslim rule in the history of Lahore. In 664/682, the city was besieged by Muslim forces led by Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra. [1] [2]

Contents

Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed Malik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one, [3] which had been demolished in the fighting (as recorded by Munshi Sujan Rae Bhandari, author of the Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh in 1695–96). The present Lahore Fort stands on the same location. Under Ayaz's rule, the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry. [4] The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town. [5] In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of Multan. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036. [6]

After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire, Lahore was ruled by various Muslim Empires known as the Delhi Sultanate, including the Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyid [a] , Lodis as well as the Surids and Mughals. [7] When Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak was crowned here in 1206, he became the first Muslim sultan in South Asia. [8]

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy. [9] Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241. [10] Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols, [11] while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief Toghrul. [12]

The mausoleum of Qutub ud Din Aibak in Anarkali Bazaar, Lahore, Pakistan. QutubuddinAibakMausoleum.JPG
The mausoleum of Qutub ud Din Aibak in Anarkali Bazaar, Lahore, Pakistan.

The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his father Sikander Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in pacifying his nobles. Subsequently Daulat Khan, the governor of Punjab and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an invitation to Babur, the ruler of Kabul to invade Delhi.

In 1241, the ancient city of Lahore was conquered by the Mongols, the entire population of the city was massacred and the city was leveled to the ground. There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates Mongol destruction. [13]

The new Mughal dynasty was to rule India for another 300 years. [14] The First Battle of Panipat (April 1526) was fought between the forces of Babur and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield. By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy, and appropriate use of artillery, Babur won the First Battle of Panipat and subsequently occupied Agra and Delhi. The new Mughal dynasty was to rule India for another 300 years. [14]

Notes

  1. ↑ Not an Empire but a Timurid Vassal

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Schellinger and Salkin, ed. (1996). "Lahore". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. UK: Routledge. p. 522+. ISBN   9781884964046.
  2. ↑ Wink 2002, p. 121.
  3. ↑ Andrew Petersen (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN   9780415060844. Archived from the original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  4. ↑ ".GC University Lahore". Gcu.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  5. ↑ James L. Wescoat; Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn; Dumbarton Oaks; Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (1996). Early Mughal Lahore. Smithsonian Institution page 149. ISBN   9780884022350. Archived from the original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  6. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 16. p. 106. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  7. ↑ History of Lahore Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine , Lahore City Government. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.
  8. ↑ Frances Pritchett. "index_1200_1299". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  9. ↑ Bosworth, C. Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Brill. ISBN   978-9047423836 . Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  10. ↑ Sadasivan, Balaji (14 August 2018). The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN   9789814311670.
  11. ↑ Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi (2010). Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century. Primus Books. ISBN   978-81-908918-0-6.
  12. ↑ Jackson, Peter (16 October 2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0521543290 . Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  13. ↑ Sadasivan, Balaji (2011). The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN   9789814311670. Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2012-10-13– via Google Books.
  14. 1 2 Hill, Christopher V. (2008). South Asia: An Environmental History - Christopher V. Hill - Google Books. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   9781851099252. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2012-10-13– via Google Books.



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