英文互译镜像站

1922 unrest in Dagestan and Chechnya

Last updated

In 1922, uprisings broke out in Dagestan and Chechnya under the leadership of Najmuddin of Gotsinsky. These revolts were part of a broader movement for independence in the North Caucasus, resisting the consolidation of Soviet power following the Russian Civil War.

Contents

Background

Northern part of Soviet Caucasus in 1922 Soviet-caucasus1922.png
Northern part of Soviet Caucasus in 1922

In 1920, the North Caucasus experienced significant unrest following the Russian Civil War. In 1920–1921, the Dagestan uprising, led by the Naqshbandi brotherhood and supporters of Imam Shamil's legacy, challenged Bolshevik control over the region. Although the rebels initially gained control of much of the mountainous terrain, the Red Army eventually suppressed the revolt by May 1921. These events weakened local resistance networks but left lingering discontent, setting the stage for further uprisings in 1922, including those led by Najmuddin Gotsinsky in Dagestan and Chechnya. [1]

During Enver Pasha's campaign in Bukhara, his victories earned him fame across the Islamic world. [2] Encouraged by these successes, according to Cemal Kutay and İlyas Kara, unrest spread to Dagestan in early 1922. [3] [4] Early that year, major uprisings fired up in Dagestan and Chechnya. [5] [6]

The unrest

In early 1922, Soviet authorities warned that the situation in Dagestan was critical. A telegram from March 1922 described a surge in "banditism," growing anti-Soviet agitation led by mullahs and "Turkish emissaries," and feared that the uprising was spreading into Dagestan. [7] [8]

Between 1922 and 1925, small armed groups operated in the forests of Dagestan. They targeted civilians, attacked infrastructure such as fisheries and railways, and occasionally engaged Soviet law enforcement forces. [9]

In response to the armed detachments of N. Gotsinsky, the Soviet authorities established the Republican Military Council for Combating Banditry in Dagestan on January 30, 1922. By August 1922, the situation had escalated to the point that Dagestan was placed under martial law. [10] [11] In the summer of 1922, Soviet forces were deployed to Chechnya, where they seized several hundred rifles and three machine guns, and targeted the homes of suspected insurgents. [12]

As a result of the conflict in Dagestan in 1922, a senior Bolshevik official who had served as Deputy Narkomput' and head of the Caucasus Railways was killed. [13]

Casualties

According to Alex Marshall, in 1922 the Soviet forces suffered 9,338 losses in the Caucasus region due to combat and desertion. [14]

Aftermath

In the same year, Gotsinsky's associates sought international recognition from the League of Nations for a future independent Caucasian state, citing solidarity with broader Muslim resistance movements. [10] On 30 November 1922, the Chechen Autonomous Oblast was established when it was separated from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the same year, the Aukh region, previously mainly populated by Chechens, was transferred by Moscow authorities to the newly established Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. [15] [16] [17]

References

  1. ↑ Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul. "Caucasian Battlefields. A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border (1828–1921)". circassianstudies.org. Cambridge University Press. pp. 497–528. Retrieved 2025-11-28.
  2. ↑ Wheeler, Geoffrey (26 April 2016). "Central Asian Review". Central Asian Review . 7: 244 – via Pahar.
  3. ↑ Kara, İlyas (2011-01-02). Enver Paşa Basmacılar İsyanı (in Turkish). Yediveren Yayınları. p. 132. ISBN   978-605-88203-6-4.
  4. ↑ içerik yaratıcısı. Cemal Kutay Enver Paşa Lenin'e Karşı. pp. 60–61.
  5. ↑ Martin, Terry (1998). "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing". The Journal of Modern History. 70 (4): 829. doi:10.1086/235168. ISSN   0022-2801. JSTOR   10.1086/235168. Major uprisings also flared up in other Soviet border regions: in Chechnia and Dagestan from 1920 to 1922...
  6. ↑ Blandy, C. W. (June 2000). Dagestan: The Storm Part 2 – The Federal Assault on the "Kadar Complex" (PDF) (Report). Conflict Studies Research Centre. p. 8.
  7. ↑ М.м, Доного (2008). "Н. Гоцинский и повстанческая борьба в Дагестане и Чечне (1922-1925 гг.)". Новый Исторический Вестник (18): 136–137. ISSN   2072-9286.
  8. ↑ Marshall, Alex (2010-09-13). The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. doi:10.4324/9780203847008. ISBN   978-1-136-93825-2. Archived from the original on 2025-10-09.
  9. ↑ Великий подвиг Советского народа (PDF). Институт истории, археологии и этнографии ДНЦ РАН. 2011. p. 243.
  10. 1 2 М.м, Доного (2008). "Н. Гоцинский и повстанческая борьба в Дагестане и Чечне (1922-1925 гг.)". Новый Исторический Вестник (18): 137. ISSN   2072-9286.
  11. ↑ Isalabdualaev, M.A. (2016). История Дагестана [History of dagestan](PDF) (in Russian). p. 62. Для борьбы с отрядами Н. Гоцинского 30 января 1922 г. в Дагестане было образовано Республиканское военное совещание по борьбе с бандитизмом. В августе 1922 г. Дагестан был объявлен на военном положении..
  12. ↑ Dunlop, John B. (1998-09-28). Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN   978-0-521-63619-3.
  13. ↑ Jan M. Meijer (1971). The Trotsky Papers 1917-1922. Internet Archive. p. 117.
  14. ↑ Marshall, Alex (2010-09-13). The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule. Taylor & Francis. p. 152. doi:10.4324/9780203847008. ISBN   978-1-136-93825-2. Archived from the original on 2025-10-09. the Red Army in 1921 still incurred over 170,000 casualties fighting against local insurgents and peasant rebellions, and nearly 21,000 further losses were incurred through desertion or fighting in 1922, with 9,338 of these losses inflicted in the Caucasus.
  15. ↑ Kisriev, Enver. "Why is there stability in Dagestan but not in Chechnya?". www.manchesterhive.com. Retrieved 2025-11-28.
  16. ↑ "Chechen-Dagestani Land Disputes: Soviet Legacy, Ethnic Confrontation or Problems of Mismanagement? - Jamestown". jamestown.org. Retrieved 2025-11-28. This region, which was previously mainly populated by Chechens and called Aukh, was conferred by Moscow authorities to the newly established Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1922
  17. ↑ Dunlop, John B. (1998-09-28). Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN   978-0-521-63619-3.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
量子镜像站群 网站镜像克隆 网站复制工具 镜像站群 镜像软件