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List of investigational Parkinson's disease drugs

Last updated February 01, 2026

This is a list of investigational Parkinson's disease drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease but are not yet approved. They may also be referred to as investigational antiparkinsonian agents.

Under development

Preregistration

AIP-201 – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis
Levodopa/carbidopa subcutaneous (ND-0612; ND-0680) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor)

Phase 3

Altropane (123-I Altropane; [123I]-E-IACFT; NAV-5001; O-587) – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) enhancer
Apomorphine (Aporon) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Apomorphine sublingual film (APL-130277; Kynmobi) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Bemdaneprocel (BRT-DA01; DA-01; MSK-DA01; pluripotent stem cell derived dopaminergic neurons) – dopaminergic cell replacement
Buntanetap ((+)-(3aR)-phenserine; (+)-phenserine; ANVS-401; ANVS-405; ANVS402; posiphen) – various actions
18F-LBT-999 ([18F]-LBT-999; LBT-999) – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis
Nabilone controlled release (Nabilone FDT) – cannabinoid CB₁ and CB₂ receptor agonist
Pramipexole/rasagiline (P2B-001; rasagiline/pramipexole) – combination of pramipexole (dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist) and rasagiline (MAO-B inhibitor)
Remlifanserin (ACP-204) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist – Parkinson's disease psychosis
Solengepras (CVN-424) – G protein-coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) inhibitor
Tavapadon (CVL-751; PF-6649751; PF-06649751) – dopamine D₁ and D₅ receptor agonist

Phase 2/3

BHV-8000 (TLL-041) – Janus kinase 1 inhibitor and TYK2 kinase inhibitor
Mesdopetam (IRL-790) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and other actions

Phase 2

18F PI-2620 ([18F]PI-2620; PI-2620) – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis
AB-1005 (AAV2-GDNF; AMT-140; adeno-associated-virus-GDNF therapy) – gene transference and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression stimulant
Affitope PD01 (ACI-7104; ACI-7104.056; Affitope-PD01A; PD-01; PD-01A) – peptide vaccine against α-synuclein
Altropane ¹²³I (dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging radiopharmaceutical) – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) enhancer – diagnosis
Apomorphine inhalation (AZ-009; Staccato® Apomorphine) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Apomorphine intranasal (AL-101) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Aprepitant/pramipexole (ALTO-208; CTC-413) – combination of aprepitant (neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist) and pramipexole (dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist)
Bezisterim (17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol; HE-3286; NE-3107; Triolex) – undefined mechanism of action (synthetic androstenetriol analogue and anti-inflammatory)
Blarcamesine (AE-37; ANA001; ANAVEX 2-73) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor agonist, and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor agonist
Buspirone/zolmitriptan (AV-2860; JM-010) – combination of buspirone (serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist and other actions) and zolmitriptan (serotonin 5-HT_1B and 5-HT_1D receptor agonist) – drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Carbidopa/levodopa (DopaFuse; levodopa/carbidopa continuous release) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
Carbidopa/levodopa intranasal (INP-107; POD™ carbidopa/levodopa) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
DA-9805 – antioxidant and mitochondrial protein modulator
Deferiprone (CGP-37391; CMX-001; CP-020; CP-20; CRMD-001; Ferriprox; Kelfer; L1; Upkanz) – chelating agent
EPI-589 ((R)-troloxamide quinone; kinoquinone) – NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) modulator and antioxidant
FNP-150 – undefined mechanism of action
Gemfibrozil (FHL-301) – peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist
Glovadalen (UCB-0022) – dopamine D₁ receptor positive allosteric modulator
GRF-6021 (AKST-6021) – plasma protein fraction and neurogenesis stimulant
ION-859 (BIIB-094; ION859; IONIS-BIIB7Rx) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
Lazucirnon (AKST-4290; ALK-429; ALK-4290) – chemokine CCL11 inhibitor
Levetiracetam low-dose (AGB-101) – synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) modulator
Levodopa (TR-012001) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist
Levodopa intranasal (INP103; POD™ levodopa) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist
LTI-291 (BIA 28-6156; LTI-00291) – glucosylceramidase stimulant
Matsupexole (AM006; KDT-3594) – dopamine receptor agonist
Minzasolmin (DLX-313; UCB-0599) – α-synuclein misfolding inhibitor
Nilotinib (KFRX-01) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and discoidin domain receptor antagonist
Pegsebrenatide (NLY-01; Olaedin; pegylated exenatide; TLY-001) – glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP₁R) agonist
Pirepemat (IRL-752) – various actions
Pramipexole – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist
Prasinezumab (NEOD-002; PRX-002; RG-7935; RO-7046015) – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein
Pridopidine (ACR-16; ASP-2314; FR-310826; Huntexil; Nurzigma; TV-7820) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist and other actions
Radotinib (IY-5511; Supect) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and other actions
Risvodetinib (Ikt-148009; IkT148009; risvo) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Squalamine (ENT-01; Enterin-01; kenterin) – various actions
Usnoflast (ZYIL-1) – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor
Vodobatinib (K-0706; SCO-088; SUN-K706; SUN-K0706) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor
VTX-3232 – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor
Vutiglabridin (HSG-4112) – paraoxonase 2 (PON2) agonist and glabridin analogue
WID-2101 – undefined mechanism of action
XJN-010 – undefined mechanism of action

Phase 1/2

Ambroxol – glucosylceramidase modulator and protein folding stimulant
ANPD-001 (A9-line dopamine neuron therapy) – dopaminergic cell replacement
CT1-DAP001/DSP-1083 (allo iPS cell-derived dopamine neural progenitor) – dopaminergic cell replacement
EC-5026 (BPN-19186) – epoxide hydrolase inhibitor
HER-096 (CDNF; cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor; rhCDNF) – neuron modulator
IPT-803 – dopamine modulator and opioid receptor antagonist
Liposomal GM1 (GM1-Gangliosid; Talineuren; TLGM-1; TLN-1; TLSG-1) – undefined mechanism of action
NouvNeu-001 (human dopaminergic progenitor cells) – cell replacement
TED-A9 (A9-DPC; allogenic embryonic stem cell-derived A9 dopamine progenitor cell therapy; TED-A9) – dopaminergic cell replacement
Trapidil (SB-0107) – undefined mechanism of action
XC-130 (XC130; XC130-A10H) – dopamine receptor agonist, other actions

Phase 1

ABL-301 (SAR-446159) – bispecific antibody against α-synuclein
ALS-205 (PMX-205) – complement C5a receptor antagonist
ALX-001 (BMS-984923) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor silent allosteric modulator
ARV-102 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
ATH-399A (DWP-307399; HL-192) – nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) agonist
CT-2500 – undefined mechanism of action
FB-418 – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
HL-400 – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor
HNC-364 (rasagiline prodrug) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
Human amniotic epithelial cell therapy - Shanghai iCELL Biotechnology (hAECs; hAESCs) – cell replacement
JNJ-0376 – undefined mechanism of action
JX-2105 – undefined mechanism of action
Lu AF28996 (Lu AF-28996) – dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor agonist
LY-3962681 – RNA interference and α-synuclein expression modulator
MEDI-1341 (TAK-341) – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein
NEU-723 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
NN-9001 – undefined mechanism of action
PK-081 – α-synuclein degrader
Selnoflast (NLRP3i; RG-6418; RO-7486967; Somalix) – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor inhibitor
TRN-501 – undefined mechanism of action
VQ-101 – glucosylceramidase stimulant
WID-2301 – undefined mechanism of action
WIT-2001 – undefined mechanism of action

Preclinical

AB-5006 (AX-5006) – Escherichia coli csgA protein aggregation inhibitor and gastrointestinal microbiome modulator
AEX-23 – orexin OX₁ receptor agonist and α-synuclein aggregate/modulator
Afamelanotide ([Nle4,DPhe7]-α-MSH; CUV-1647; EPT-1647; Melanotan I; Melanotan; MT-I; Prenumbra; Scenesse) – melanocortin receptor agonist
Alpha-synuclein aggregation inhibitor (ACI-5755; morphomer α-synuclein) – α-synuclein inhibitor
BEBT-758 – RNA interference and α-synuclein expression inhibitor
Bevemipretide (SBT-272) – cardiolipin ligand and stabilizer
BSC-3301 – receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) inhibitor
BXQ-350 (SapC; SapC-DOPS; sphingolipid activator protein C) – sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase stimulant and sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulant
Cannabidiol (CBD) – cannabinoid receptor modulator and other actions
Carbon monoxide (CO; HBI-002) – heme oxygenase 1 modulator
CB-401 – amyloid β-protein modulator
CBT-102 – undefined mechanism of action
CJRB-301 (MRx-0005) – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator
CJRB-302 (MRx-0029) – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator
CK-0803 – regulatory T-lymphocyte replacement
CU-13001 – 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor
EHP-102 (VCE-003.2) – cannabinoid CB₂ receptor agonist and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) modulator (cannabigerol (CBG) derivative)
FHL-401 – toll-like receptor 2 antagonist
FHL-701 – interleukin-12 (IL-12) subunit p40 inhibitor
FKK-01PD (FKK-01PD; TGHW-01AP; apomorphine prodrug) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
HT-4403 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
IC-100 (ICCN-100) – various actions
KFRX-05 (BK-40195) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor
KP-405 – undefined mechanism of action
LB-P4 – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator
Mbiotix – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator
ML-021 – muscarinic acetylcholine M₄ receptor antagonist
MP-201 – 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) prodrug and various actions
NB-003 – gene transference and parkin protein replacement
NB-129 – undefined mechanism of action
NLY-02 – glial cell inhibitor
NLY-03 – undefined mechanism of action
NNI-362 – 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase modulator
NRG-5051 – mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor
PMN-442 – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein
PP-003 – α-synuclein degrader
Research programme: 3100 programme - DigmBio/Daegu Catholic University – G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators
Research programme: enzyme targeted therapeutics - Nitrase Therapeutics – enzyme modulators and α-synuclein inhibitors
Research programme: neurodegenerative disease therapeutics - Caraway Therapeutics – autophagy stimulants and MCOLN1 stimulants
RGL-193 – undefined mechanism of action
ST-502 – gene therapy and α-synuclein genetic transcription inhibitor
Tomaralimab (NM-101; NM-102; NM-103; OPN-305) – monoclonal antibody against toll-like receptor 2
Zervimesine (CT-1812; Elayta) – sigma σ₂ receptor antagonist

Research

1ST-103 – undefined mechanism of action
LXM-5 – undefined mechanism of action
Parkinson's disease siRNA therapeutic - Argo Biopharma – RNA interference
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - Beech Tree Labs (PD-A) – undefined mechanism of action – parkinsonian disorders

Clinical phase unknown

BT-0267 (BT-267) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor

Not under development

Suspended

Research programme: neuroinflammatory disorders therapeutics - Vasogen (VP-015) – cytokine modulators and immunomodulators

No development reported

4-Chlorokynurenine (4-CL-KYN; 7-CL-KYNA; AV-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase inhibitor
α-Synuclein picobody (a-syn-pico) – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis
A-86929 – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist
AB-4166 – microbiome modulator
ACI-12589 – positron-emission tomography (PET) enhancer – diagnosis
Affitope-PD03 (PD03; PD03A) – α-synuclein inhibitor and immunostimulant
ANPD-002 (ANPD002) – dopaminergic cell replacement
AP-472 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₄ receptor positive allosteric modulator
Aplindore (DAB-452; palindore; SLS-006; WAY-DAB 452) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist
Armesocarb (MLR-1019) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI)
Atuzaginstat (COR-388) – peptide hydrolase inhibitor
ATV:aSyn (ATV:α-synuclein; ATV:αSyn) – α-synuclein inhibitor
Autologous adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells - Hope Biosciences – cell replacement
AZ-001 – undefined mechanism of action
Beperminogene perplasmid (AMG-0001; Collategene; hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy) – gene transference and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression stimulant
BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) – nociceptin receptor (NOP) antagonist
Cannabidiol/tetrahydrocannabinol (CBD/THC; CanChew; MedChew; THC/CBD) – cannabinoid CB₁ and CB₂ receptor agonist and other actions
Carbidopa/levodopa (WD-1603) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
Carbidopa/levodopa oral solution (EXN-32) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
CM-4612 (CM-ADHD; CM-AT; CM-PK) – enzyme replacement and modulator
Crisdesalazine (AAD-2004) – microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitor
CTx-GBA1 – gene transference
Cu(II)ATSM (copper(II)-ATSM; Cu-ATSM) – neuron modulator
Debamestrocel (autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy; NurOwn) – dopaminergic cell replacement
DNL-201 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
Dopamine intranasal – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist
DX-0308 (DX-308) – retinoic acid metabolism modulator
Emrusolmin (anle-138b; TEV-56286) – α-synuclein inhibitor and protein aggregation inhibitor
ESB-1609 – sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist
ESB-5070 – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
F-14413 – α₂-adrenergic receptor inverse agonist
FB-101 (1ST-102) – Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) – fibroblast growth factor stimulant and angiogenesis-inducing agent
GO-101 – gene transference
GT-02329 – glucosylceramidase stimulants
ISC-hpNSC (human parthenogenetic neural stem cells) – dopaminergic cell replacement
Itanapraced (CHF-5074; CSP-1103) – γ-secretase modulator and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derivative lacking cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition
Levodopa deuterated (deuterium-containing levodopa; SD-1077) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist
Liatermin (BVF-014; GDNF; glial-derived neutrotrophic factor; r-metHuGDNF) – neuron stimulant
Lu-AE-04621 (Lu-AE04621) – dopamine receptor agonist (prodrug of Lu-AA40326)
Masupirdine (SUVN-502; SUVN502) – serotonin 5-HT₆ receptor antagonist
Mesocarb (MLR-1017) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI)
MTK-458 – protein-serine-threonine kinase stimulant
NPT-200-11 (NPT200-11; UCB-1332) – α-synuclein inhibitor
NPT-520-34 (NPT520-34) – 1-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase modulator and other actions
ODM-104 – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
OP-101 (dendrimer N-acetylcysteine) – various actions
OP-501 – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Ordopidine (ACR-325) – low-affinity dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist and dopaminergic stabilizer
PD-04 (a-Syn-PD-04; Affitope PD-04; PD04) – peptide vaccine against α-synuclein
Rasagiline – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
Rasagiline transdermal patch (TPU-002RA) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
Research programme: adenosine A2A/A1 selective antagonists - Domain Therapeutics/CleveXel Pharma (CVXL-0069; DT-1133; DT0926; FP-0692; FP-1133) – adenosine A₁ receptor antagonists and adenosine A_2A receptor antagonists
Research programme: catalytic antioxidants - Aeolus Pharmaceuticals (AEOL-10113; AEOL-11207) – antioxidants
Research programme: central nervous system therapeutics - Delpor – undefined mechanism of action
Research programme: cGAS/STING antagonists - IFM Due – nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
Research programme: COMT inhibitors - Avalo Therapeutics (AVTX-406; CERC-425; CERC-406) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors
Research programme: dopamine D1 receptor agonists - Takeda – dopamine D₁ receptor agonists
Research programme: exosome therapeutics - ArunA Biomedical – undefined mechanism of action
Research programme: GPCR modulators - Nxera Pharma – various actions
Research programme: KEAP1 inhibitors - Keapstone Therapeutics – Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) inhibitors
Research programme: long-acting neuropsychiatric therapeutics - Teva (NP-201; NP-202; risperidone/ropinirole implants) – various actions
Research programme: LRRK2 inhibitor - GlaxoSmithKline – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors
Research programme: LRRK2 inhibitors - Novartis – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors
Research programme: neurodegenerative disorder gene therapies - Denali Therapeutics (AAV-LF2; CNS-directed AAV-based gene therapies) – gene transference
Research programme: neurodegenerative disorders therapeutics - BioArctic Neuroscience (AD-0802; AD-1502; AD-2203; AE-1501; BAN-2203; BAN-2502; BAN2401 back-up) – various actions
Research programme: neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics - Celgene Corporation/Evotec (BMSxxx) – cell replacements
Research programme: neurodegenerative disease therapeutics - ProteoTech (DP-68; DP-74; PD-61-W3; PeptiClere; PTI-19; PTI-51; PTI-51-CH3; Synuclere; TauPro) – various actions
Research programme: neurological disorders therapeutics - Gloriana therapeutics (ECB-PD; ECT-PD; Meteorin; Ns-G34; NsG-0301; NsG-33) – glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor modulators
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - Alectos Therapeutics – glucocerebrosidase 2 (GBA2) protein inhibitor
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapies - Zymes (co-Q10; coenzyme Q10; ubidecarenone) – antioxidants
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapy - AbbVie – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor agonists
Research programme: positive allosteric modulators - Proximagen – various actions
Research programme: protective autoimmunity enhancer - Proneuron Biotechnologies (PN-277) – immunomodulators
Research programme: protein phosphatase 2A modulators - Signum Biosciences (SIG-1012; SIG-1106) – protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) modulator
Research programme: small molecule therapeutics - Amathus Therapeutics – mitochondrial protein stimulants
Research programme: small molecule therapeutics - Aranda Pharma/Tarrex Biopharma (ADA-308; ADA-409; Backup; MDA-308; MDA-409) – androgen receptor antagonists
Research programme: transmembrane protein 175 agonists - AbbVie/Caraway Therapeutics – TMEM175 stimulants
Rotigotine controlled release (SER-214) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
S-32504 – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor agonist
SAGE-324 (BIIB-124) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid
Saracatinib (AZD-0530) – Src-family kinase inhibitor
Selegiline transdermal (Emsam) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions
SLS-004 (LV-dCas9-DNMT3A) – gene therapy and α-synuclein expression inhibitor
Sonlicromanol (KH-176) – prostaglandin-E synthase inhibitor and reactive oxygen species modulator
SPN-803 (SPN803) – undefined mechanism of action
STEL-101 (AMA-101; STL-101) – undefined mechanism of action
UB-312 – immunostimulant
YKP-10461 (SKL-PD; YKP10461) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
YTX-7739 – stearoyl-CoA desaturase inhibitor
Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist

Discontinued

2-BUMP – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
A-77636 – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist
Acamprosate/baclofen (PXT-864) – combination of acamprosate (various actions) and baclofen (GABA_B receptor agonist)
Adrogolide (ABT-431; DAS-431; A-86929 O,O′-diacetate) – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist (prodrug of A-86929)
AP-001 – various actions
Apomorphine inhalation (VR-004; VR-040; VR-400) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Apomorphine intranasal – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Apomorphine subcutaneous (ND-0701) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Apomorphine transdermal patch – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Arimoclomol (BRX-345; Miplyffa; OR-01; OR-04) – undefined mechanism of action
Arundic acid (Arocyte Injection; Cereact Capsule; MK-0724; ONO-2506; Proglia) – various actions
Atomoxetine (LY-139603; Strattera; Tomoxetine) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI)
AVE-8112 (AVE8112; AVE-8112A) – phosphodiesterase PDE4 inhibitor
AX-201 (AX201) – nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulant
Bifeprunox (DU-127090) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist and dopamine D₂ receptor agonist
BP-897 – dopamine D₃ receptor agonist
Carbidopa/levodopa (AP-09004; AP-CD/LD) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
CEP-1347 (KT-7515) – mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor and mixed-lineage kinase inhibitor
CERE-120 (AAV-NRTN; AAV-NTN; AAV2-neurturin; AAV2-NTN; neurturin gene therapy) – gene therapy, nerve tissue protein modulator, and neurturin agonist
Cinpanemab (BIIB-054) – monoclonal antibody against α-synuclein
CVXL-0107 – glutamate release inhibitor
Dactolisib (BEZ-235; NVP-BEZ-235; NVP-BEZ235-ANA; NVP-BEZ235-NX; RTB-101) – 1-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor and mTOR inhibitor
Davunetide intranasal (AL-108; NAP; NAPVSIPQ) – various actions
Dihydrexidine (DAR-0100) – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist
Dihydrexidine (IP-202) – dopamine D₁ and D₅ receptor agonist
DNS-7801 – undefined mechanism of action
Embryonic neural cell therapy-Parkinson's Disease - CellFactors (Parkinson's disease cell therapy) – dopaminergic cell replacement
Emlenoflast (inzomelid; IZD-174; MCC-7840) – NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor
Entacapone (Comtan; Comtess; OR-611) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (AMR-101; Ethyl-EPA; LAX-101; Miraxion; Vascepa; Vazkepa) – various actions
Etrabamine (14-839JL; JL-14839) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist
Ezaladcigene resoparvovec (AAV-AADC; AV-201; GZ-404477; NBIb-1817) – gene transference and aromatic-_L-amino-acid decarboxylase (AAAD) replacement
Fipamezole (BVF-025; JP-1730) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist
Florbenazine F18 (18F-DTBZ; 18F-AV-133; 18F-FP-dihydrotatetrabenazine; AV-133) – vesticular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor and radiopharmaceutical – diagnosis
Foliglurax (PXT-2331; PXT002331) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₄ receptor positive allosteric modulator
GYKI-52895 – dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI)
Levetiracetam (Keppra; L-059; SIB-S1; UCB-059; UCB-22059; UCB-L059) – synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) modulator
Lu-AA47070 (LU-AA-47070) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist
Methylthioninium chloride (MTC; methylene blue; TRx-0014; TRx-014) – various actions
Naxagolide (L-647339) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor agonist
Nebicapone (BIA-3202) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Nitecapone (OR-462) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Nitisinone (NTBC; Orfadin; SC-0735; SYN-118) – 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor and dopamine release stimulant
NPT-088 (NPT088) – immunoglobulin fusion general amyloid interaction motif (GAIM) based dimer
NPT-189 (NPT189) – immunoglobulin fusion protein
NW-1048 – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
NYX-458 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator
ODM-103 – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Omigapil (CGP-3466; SNT-317; TCH-346) – glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inhibitor
OPM-201 (S-221237) – leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor
OSU-6162 (OSU6162; PNU-9639; PNU-96391; PNU-96391A) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist (non-hallucinogenic), dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist, and sigma σ₁ receptor ligand (so-called "monoaminergic stabilizer")
Paliroden (SR-57667; SR-57667B) – nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulant
Pardoprunox (SLV-308; SME-308) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor full agonist, and other actions
Parkinson's disease gene therapy - Oxford BioMedica (AXO Lenti PD; OXB-101; OXB-102; ProSavin) – gene transference
Pegipanermin (DN-TNF; INB-03; LIVNate™; Quellor™; soluble tumour necrosis factor inhibitor; XENP1595; XENP345; XPro 1595; XPro595; XProTM) – tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor and immunostimulant
PF-06412562 (CVL-562) – dopamine D₁ and D₅ receptor partial agonist
Piclozotan (SUN-4057; SUN-N-4057) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist – dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Preclamol ((–)-3-PPP) – dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist
Preladenant (MK-3814; privadenant; SCH-420814) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist
Proxison – synthetic flavonoid-based antioxidant
Quinelorane (LY-163502) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist
Raseglurant (ADX-10059) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor negative allosteric modulator
Razpipadon (CVL-871; PF-6669571; PF-06669571; PW-0464) – dopamine D₁ receptor agonist
Renzapride (ATL-1251; AZM-112; BRL-24924) – serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT₄ receptor agonist
Research programme: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease diagnostic agents - Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals/TauRx – undefined mechanism of action – diagnosis
Research programme: AMC therapeutics - Animuscure – undefined mechanism of action
Research programme: Ig fusion GAIM dimers - Proclara Biosciences (NPT-288; NPT-007; NPT-014; NPT-289) – various actions
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - Araclon Biotech (AB-03) – undefined mechanism of action
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapies - Neose/Neuronyx – undefined mechanism of action
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapies - Proteome Systems (EUK-418) – free radical scavenger and oxygen radical scavenger
Research programme: Parkinson's disease therapeutics - TauRx Therapeutics (G2 PD; TRx 018) – synuclein inhibitor
Research programme: protein aggregation inhibitors - Proclara Biosciences (NPT-001; NPT-002) – various actions
Riluzole (PK-26124; Rilutek; RP-54274) – various actions
Ropinirole implant – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist
Sarsasapogenin (Cogane; JNX-1001; PYM-50028; Smilagenin) – various actions
Sipagladenant (KW-6356) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist
SPD-474 – undefined mechanism of action
Sumanirole (PNU-95666; U-95666) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist
TAK-065 – undefined mechanism of action
TAK-071 – muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor positive allosteric modulator
Tc 99m TRODAT-1 – single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) enhancer – diagnosis
Terguride (Dironyl; Mysalfon; SH-406; Teluron; transdihydrolisuride; VUFB-6638; ZK-31224) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist and other actions
Tozadenant (A2a-(3); RO4494351; SYN-115) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist
Utreloxastat (EPI-857; PTC-857) – 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor
Vipadenant (BG-14; BIIB-014; BIIB14; CEB-4520; V-2006; VER-11135; VER-A00-11; VER-A00049; VER-ADO-49; VR-2006) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

Dopamine precursors and related

Carbidopa (Lodosyn) – aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor
Carbidopa/levodopa (Crexont; IPX-203; IPX203) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
Foscarbidopa/foslevodopa (ABBV-951; foslevodopa/foscarbidopa; levodopa/carbidopa prodrug; Produodopa; Vyalev) – combination of foscarbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor) and foslevodopa (dopamine precursor)
Levodopa (CVT-301; CXG-89; Inbrija) – dopamine precursor and indirect non-selective dopamine receptor agonist
Levodopa/benserazide (co-beneldopa) (Madopar, Prolopa) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and benserazide (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor)
Levodopa/carbidopa extended-release (GSK-587124; IPX-066; Numient; Patrome; Rytary) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor)
Levodopa/carbidopa intraduodenal (ABT-SLV187; carbidopa/levodopa enteral suspension; Duodopa; Duopa; LCIG; levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor)
Melevodopa/carbidopa (carbidopa/melevodopa; CHF-1512; CNP-1512; GT-1512; levodopa methyl ester/carbidopa; Sirio; V-1512) – combination of melevodopa (dopamine precursor) and carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor)

Dopamine receptor agonists

Apomorphine (Apofin; CHF-1526) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Apomorphine subcutaneous (APO-go; Apokinon; Apokyn; Apomine; Britaject; KW-6500; Li Ke Ji; Movapo; Onapgotm; SPN-830) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Bromocriptine (Parlodel) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
Cabergoline (Dostinex) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
Dihydroergocryptine (DHEC; Almirid; Cripar) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
Lisuride (Dopergin) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
Pergolide (Permax) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
Piribedil (Trivastal, Pronoran) – dopamine D₂-like receptor agonist and other actions
Pramipexole (BI-Sifrol; Daquiran; Mirapex; Mirapexin; Pexola; Sifrol; SND-919; SND-919Y) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist
Ropinirole (Adartrel; Repreve; Requip) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist
Ropinirole (Requip CR; Requip LP; Requip XL; Requip XR; SKF-101468A) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist
Ropinirole transdermal (Haruropi Tape; HP-3000) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Rotigotine transdermal (Leganto; N-0437; N-0923; Neupro; Neupro Patch; Nubrenza; SPM-962) – non-selective dopamine receptor agonist and other actions
Talipexole (BHT-920; Domin) – dopamine D₂ receptor agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors

Rasagiline (Agilect; AGN-1135; Azilect; Elbrus; Lu-00-773; TV-1030; TVP-101; TVP-1012) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
Safinamide (EMD-1195686; Equfina; FCE-26743; ME-2125; NW-1015; Onstryv; PNU-151774; Xadago; ZP-034) – reversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions
Selegiline (Eldepryl, Jumex) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions
Selegiline orally disintegrating tablet (Efupi; FPF-1100-NW; selegiline ODT) – monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor and other actions

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors

Entacapone (Comtan) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Opicapone (BIA 9-1067; BIA-91067; Ongentys; ONO-2370) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor
Tolcapone (RO-407592; Tasmar) – catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor

Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action

Amantadine (Symmetrel) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (indirect dopaminergic agent) ^[1]^[2]
Amantadine extended release (ADS-5101; ADS-5102; Gocovri; Nurelin) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (indirect dopaminergic agent) – drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Budipine (BY-701; Parkinsan) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist

Combination drugs

Carbidopa/entacapone/levodopa (LECIGel; LECIGon; Lecigon; Trigel) – combination of carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor), entacapone (catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor), and levodopa (dopamine precursor)
Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (ELC-200; Stalevo; Stavelo) – combination of levodopa (dopamine precursor), carbidopa (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor), and entacapone (catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor)

Other drugs

Istradefylline (KW-6002; Nourianz; Nouriast) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist
Pimavanserin (ACP-103; BVF-048; Nuplazid) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist – Parkinson's disease psychosis

Withdrawn drugs

Amantadine extended release (ALLAY-LID; OS-320; Osmolex ER) – unknown mechanism of action and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist (indirect dopaminergic agent)

Off-label drugs

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) – cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease^[3]
Anticholinergics (antimuscarinics/muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists) (e.g., trihexyphenidyl, procyclidine, diphenhydramine, benztropine, ethopropazine, cycrimine, biperiden, others)^[4]
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, others) – depression in Parkinson's disease^[3]
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, quetiapine) – Parkinson's disease psychosis^[3]
Hypnotics (e.g., eszopiclone, melatonin – insomnia in Parkinson's disease^[3]
Memantine (Namenda) – cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease^[3]
Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin)^[5]
Stimulants and related (e.g., methylphenidate, modafinil) – fatigue and apathy in Parkinson's disease^[3]
Wakefulness-promoting agents (e.g., caffeine, modafinil) – excessive sleepiness in Parkinson's disease^[3]

References

↑ Rascol O, Fabbri M, Poewe W (December 2021). "Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders". Lancet Neurol. 20 (12): 1048–1056. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00249-0. PMID 34678171.
↑ Danysz W, Dekundy A, Scheschonka A, Riederer P (February 2021). "Amantadine: reappraisal of the timeless diamond-target updates and novel therapeutic potentials". J Neural Transm (Vienna). 128 (2): 127–169. doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02306-2. PMC 7901515 . PMID 33624170.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Seppi K, Ray Chaudhuri K, Coelho M, Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Perez Lloret S, Weintraub D, Sampaio C (February 2019). "Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease-an evidence-based medicine review". Mov Disord. 34 (2): 180–198. doi:10.1002/mds.27602. PMC 6916382 . PMID 30653247.
↑ Barrett MJ, Sargent L, Nawaz H, Weintraub D, Price ET, Willis AW (November 2021). "Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Medications in Parkinson Disease: To Prescribe or Deprescribe?". Mov Disord Clin Pract. 8 (8): 1181–1188. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13347. PMC 8564829 . PMID 34765683.
↑ Bradley ER, Sakai K, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Szigeti B, Ludwig C, Ostrem JL, Tanner CM, Bock MA, Llerena K, Finley PR, O'Donovan A, Zuzuarregui JR, Busby Z, McKernan A, Penn AD, Wang AC, Rosen RC, Woolley JD (July 2025). "Psilocybin therapy for mood dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an open-label pilot trial". Neuropsychopharmacology. 50 (8): 1200–1209. doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02097-0. PMC 12170852 . PMID 40205013.

External links

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[RascolFabbriPoewe2021-1] Rascol O, Fabbri M, Poewe W (December 2021). "Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders". Lancet Neurol. 20 (12): 1048–1056. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00249-0. PMID 34678171.

[DanyszDekundyScheschonka2021-2] Danysz W, Dekundy A, Scheschonka A, Riederer P (February 2021). "Amantadine: reappraisal of the timeless diamond-target updates and novel therapeutic potentials". J Neural Transm (Vienna). 128 (2): 127–169. doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02306-2. PMC 7901515 . PMID 33624170.

[SeppiRayChaudhuriCoelho2019-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Seppi K, Ray Chaudhuri K, Coelho M, Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Perez Lloret S, Weintraub D, Sampaio C (February 2019). "Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease-an evidence-based medicine review". Mov Disord. 34 (2): 180–198. doi:10.1002/mds.27602. PMC 6916382 . PMID 30653247.

[BarrettSargentNawaz2021-4] Barrett MJ, Sargent L, Nawaz H, Weintraub D, Price ET, Willis AW (November 2021). "Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Medications in Parkinson Disease: To Prescribe or Deprescribe?". Mov Disord Clin Pract. 8 (8): 1181–1188. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13347. PMC 8564829 . PMID 34765683.

[BradleySakaiFernandes-Osterhold2025-5] Bradley ER, Sakai K, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Szigeti B, Ludwig C, Ostrem JL, Tanner CM, Bock MA, Llerena K, Finley PR, O'Donovan A, Zuzuarregui JR, Busby Z, McKernan A, Penn AD, Wang AC, Rosen RC, Woolley JD (July 2025). "Psilocybin therapy for mood dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an open-label pilot trial". Neuropsychopharmacology. 50 (8): 1200–1209. doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02097-0. PMC 12170852 . PMID 40205013.

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