Karamanid campaign (1391)

In 1391, Sultan Bayezid I arrived in the Hamitoğulları lands and, after conquering them, launched an expedition to the Teke (Antalya) region and captured Antalya. Following the Teke Beylik, he launched an expedition against the Karamanids. Karamanid Alaeddin Ali Bey could not resist the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I and fled to Taşeli. Sultan Bayezid I conquered Beyşehir and came to Konya, the capital of the Karamanids, and besieged the city. ^[8] Alaeddin Ali Bey, having received no response to his request for help from Kadı Burhaneddin and Candaroğlu Süleyman II, offered peace to the Ottomans. An agreement was made between the two sides, with Çarşamba Stream and Köşk Bükü as the border. ^[9]

Battle of Kirkdilim

Following the developments against him in Central Anatolia, the army under the command of Kadı Burhaneddin and the Ottoman army under the command of Prince Ertuğrul, son of Sultan Bayezid I, clashed near Kırkdilim Castle, which was under Ottoman rule. In the battle, which lasted three days, the Ottomans were defeated and Prince Ertuğrul was killed. ^[12] After the battle, Kadı Burhaneddin gave permission to the Mongols to plunder, and the regions of İskipli, Kalecik, Sivrihisar and Ankara were plundered by the Mongols. This battle further worsened the relations between the Ottoman State and the State of Kadı Burhaneddin. Kadı Burhaneddin marched on Amasya, which belonged to the Ottomans, but when the Ottoman army arrived near Merzifon, he did not dare to engage in battle and retreated to Sivas. The Emir of Amasya, Ahmed, wanted to leave the region because of his struggle with Kadı Burhaneddin and requested Sultan Bayezid I to give him a new sancak in another region. Upon this request, Sultan Bayezid I appointed his son, Prince Mehmed, as the Sancakbey of Amasya . Prince Mehmed came with an army of 30,000 men and settled in Amasya. In response to these developments, Kadı Burhaneddin took measures in the border regions to stop a possible Ottoman advance. ^[13]

Karamanid campaign (1397-1398)

Taking advantage of the crusade against the Ottoman Empire, Karamanoglu Alaeddin Ali Bey launched an expedition into Ottoman territory. Karamanoglu Alaeddin Ali Bey occupied Ankara and captured Sarı Timurtaş Pasha, the Beylerbey of Anatolia. Upon hearing of the defeat of the Crusaders at Nicopolis, Karamanoglu Alaeddin Ali Bey released Sarı Timurtaş Pasha and sent him to Sultan Bayezid I, accompanied by a Karamanoglu envoy. However, Sultan Bayezid I did not make an agreement with the Karamanoglu and came to Bursa. After preparing his army in this city, he set out on an expedition against the Karamanoglu. ^[14]

Battle of Akçay

Upon the arrival of the Ottomans, the Karamanid army under the command of Alaeddin Ali Bey, who had mobilized all his forces against the Ottomans, and the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I met on the Akçay plain. ^[15] A fierce battle ensued between the two sides for two days. In this battle, in which neither side could gain the upper hand, the battle turned in favor of the Ottomans on the night of the second day when a force of 30,000 Ottomans crossed to the rear of the Karamanid army. The Karamanid army, caught between two fires, was defeated, and Karamanid Alaeddin Ali Bey fled to Konya. ^{[16] [17]}

Following the battle, the Ottoman army besieged Konya and conquered the city after an 11-day siege. Alaeddin Ali Bey was captured by Ottoman soldiers after an unsuccessful escape attempt. The captured Karamanoglu Alaeddin Ali Bey was brought before Sultan Bayezid I. After a conversation between the two rulers, Alaeddin Ali Bey was executed by beheading, and his severed head was impaled on the tip of a spear and paraded through the streets of Konya. Following the conquest of Konya, the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Bayezid I continued its advance and conquered Larende, Niğde, Develi, and Karahaisar, which belonged to the Karamanoglus. ^[18]

The conquest of Samsun

Sultan Bayezid I, who wanted to establish Turkish unity in Anatolia, acted in accordance with this ideal and marched on Samsun, which belonged to the Kubadids, in 1398. Kubadid Cüneyd Bey was defeated by the Ottomans, and the region of Samsun called Muslim Samsun was conquered by the Ottomans. The region of Samsun called Gavur Samsun was ruled by the Genoese, and Sultan Bayezid I did not undertake any campaign in this region in order not to worsen relations with the Genoese Republic. After the conquest of Samsun, the entire Canik region came under Ottoman rule. ^[19] The Taceddinids, Taşanids, and Hacıemiroğlu Süleyman, who ruled Ordu and Giresun, accepted Ottoman rule and became vassals of the Ottoman State. ^[20]

The conquest of the Qubadids

Kadı Burhaneddin was defeated in the battle he waged against Kara Yölük Osman Bey, the Akkoyunlu Bey who was subordinate to him. Kadı Burhaneddin, who was taken prisoner by the Akkoyunlus, was killed. When Kara Yölük Osman Bey wanted to take Sivas by force, the people of the city invited Sultan Bayezid I to the city. Sultan Bayezid I accepted this offer and took action against the state of Kadı Burhaneddin. The Ottomans who came to the region defeated Kara Yölük Osman and conquered the lands of the state of Kadı Burhaneddin. ^[21]

Expedition against the Mamluks

Upon receiving news of the death of Mamluk Sultan Berkuk and the conflict between his son Ferej, who succeeded him, and those in the Mamluk administration, Sultan Bayezid I sent an envoy to Sultan Ferej to demand the surrender of Malatya, a Mamluk territory, to the Ottomans. When Sultan Ferej refused this demand, Sultan Bayezid I marched on Malatya. Upon arriving before Malatya, and finding that the city did not surrender, Sultan Bayezid I besieged it. Following the siege, Malatya surrendered. ^[22] Sultan Bayezid I stationed troops in the city. After Malatya, the Ottomans continued their advance and conquered Kahta, Divriği, Behisni, Darende, Elbistan, and Hısnı Mansur, which belonged to the Mamluks. ^{[23] [24]}

Expedition against the Principality of Erzincan

Due to the deterioration of Ottoman-Timurid relations, caused by the fact that the Emir of Erzincan Beylik, Muttaharten, who paid taxes to the Ottomans, was a vassal of the Timurids, the appeals of the Anatolian beys whose lands were conquered by the Ottomans to Emir Timur, and the refuge of the Jalayirid Sultan Ahmed and the Karakoyunlu Bey Kara Yusuf, who engaged in a struggle against Timur, Emir Timur occupied Sivas and Malatya, which belonged to the Ottomans, and after warning the Ottomans, he launched a campaign against Syria, which was Mamluk territory. After Emir Timur launched a campaign against Syria, Sultan Bayezid I, who came to the region, marched against the Erzincan Beylik, which had aided Emir Timur. The Ottomans defeated the Erzincan Beylik and conquered Erzincan and Kemah. This campaign of Sultan Bayezid I further worsened the already bad Timurid-Ottoman relations. ^[25]